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six hundred times as much

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1 tanti

tantus, a, um, adj. [perh. for tavantus; cf. Sanscr. tāvant, so great; Gr. teôs, i. e. teWôs].
I.
Of such size or measure, so great in amount, extent, value, degree, etc. (as some standard expressed or understood); usually with a foll. quantus, ut, qui, or absol.; rarely quam.
1.
With [p. 1841] quantus:
nullam (contionem) umquam vidi tantam, quanta nunc vestrum est,
Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 18:
quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 29:
est alienum tanto viro, quantus es tu, non posse, etc.,
id. ad Brut. 1, 9, 1:
tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium,
Caes. B. G. 2, 11; cf.:
quamquam Demaden continua dicendi exercitatio potuerit tantum, quantuluscumque postea fuit, fecisse,
Quint. 2, 17, 12; Cic. Lael. 20, 74; Sall. C. 58, 2.—
2.
With ut.
a.
Denoting result or consequence; with subj.:
tanta erat operis firmitudo, ut, etc.,
Caes. B G 4, 17:
non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civitate, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 43, 125;
unum hoc definio, tantam esse necessitatem virtutis... ut, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
quod ego tantum nefas commisi, ut hanc vicem saevitiae meae redderes?
Curt. 4, 10, 29:
quod tantum cogitavi nefas, ut dignior Philotas me videretur?
id. 6, 7, 30.—
b.
Denoting comparison:
tantā modestiā dicto audiens fuit, ut si privatus esset,
Nep. Ages. 4, 2.—
3.
With rel. qui, etc.:
cave putes aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 42, 65:
statuerunt, tantum illud esse maleficium, quod, etc.,
id. Sull. 2, 7:
nulla est tanta vis, quae non ferro frangi possit,
id. Marcell. 3, 8.—
4.
Without correlation (esp. freq. in exclamations, etc.) ita tanta mira in aedibus sunt facta, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 5:
tanta factis modo mira miris modis, etc.,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 5:
qui tantus natu deorum nescis nomina,
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15:
neque solum in tantis rebus, sed etiam in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis,
id. Rep. 1, 3, 4:
tantilla tanta verba funditat,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 61. hocine mihi ob labores tantos tantillum dari, id. Truc. 2, 6, 56:
ne tantae nationes conjugantur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 11:
onus,
id. ib. 2, 30 in tantis motionibus tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tantarum ordinious, Cic. N D. 2, 5, 15:
non idem sentio tanta hac in re tamque immensa posse fieri,
id. de Or 2, 20, 84:
qui tantas et tam infinitas pecunias repudiarit,
id. Rosc. Com. 8, 24:
tot tantaque vitia,
id. Verr 1, 16, 47:
quae faceres in hominem tantum et talem,
id. Fam. 13, 66, 1; cf.:
conservare urbes tantas atque tales,
id. N. D. 3, 38, 92, so too, with talis, id. Fam. 15, 4, 14, id. Phil. 2, 29, 71:
tanta ista mala,
Sall. C. 40, 2;
Liv 31, 9: neque tanto tractu se colligit anguis,
Verg. G. 2, 154:
tantorum ingentia septem Terga boum,
id. A. 5, 404; Curt. 3, 1, 10; 3, 3, 28; 4, 1, 1:
sexcenta tanta reddam, si vivo, tibi,
six hundred times as much, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 111; so,
sexcenta tanta,
id. Ps. 2, 2, 37:
tribus tantis illi minus redit quam obseveris,
three times as much less, id. Trin. 2, 4, 129:
jam non quaero, unde tantam Melitensem vestem habueris,
such a great quantity of, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183:
si in uno corpore tantarum rerum gubernationem mens humana possidet,
Lact. 1, 3, 21.—
5.
With quam:
maria aspera juro, Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, Quam, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 352 (cf. infra, B. 2.).—With a partit. gen.:
tantus ille ventorum,
Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 121 (dub.; Jahn, ventus).—
6.
Esp. in phrase tantō ŏpĕre; freq. as one word, tantŏpĕre, so greatly, in so high a degree, so very, etc. (class. and freq.):
cur tanto opere extimueras?
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 92, cf.:
si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 2; id. Ep. 1, 2, 31; Ter. And. 5, 2, 27; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 38; Caes. B. G. 7, 52; Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21; id. Mur. 10, 23; id. de Or. 1, 35, 164 al.—In an inverted order:
mirum est, me, ut redeam, te opere tanto quaesere,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 1.—
B.
Transf., so many ( = tot; mostly poet.):
tantae Coëunt in proelia gentes,
Val. Fl. 5, 636:
lamentabile tantis urbibus,
Stat. Th. 11, 160:
legatum valet in tantos quanti inveniantur,
Dig. 30, 1, 65.— Sing.:
numquam tanto se vulture caelum Induit,
Luc. 7, 834. —
C.
Neutr. absol.
1.
tantum, so much, so many:
habere tantum molestiae quantum gloriae...ut tantum nobis, quantum ipsi superesse posset, remitteret,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:
decutio argenti tantum, quantum mihi lubet,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 3, 4:
iis adposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo adparatu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91: tantum complectitur, quod satis sit modicae palaestrae, id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:
eo indito cumini fricti tantum, quod oleat,
Cato, R. R. 156, 3 (cf.: tantum quod, s. v. tantum, adv. B. 2. b.): Ch. Coactus reddidit ducentos et mille Philippum. Ni. Tantum debuit, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 38: nec tantum Karthago habuisset opum, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 526 (1, 48, 3 B. and K.):
cum tantum belli in manibus esset,
Liv. 4, 57, 1:
sed quid hic tantum hominum incedunt?
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 5:
tantum hostium intra muros est,
Liv. 3, 17, 4 et saep.:
sexies tantum, quam quantum satum sit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 102; cf.:
etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam, etc.,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81 (v. alter):
tantum... dum,
Liv. 27, 42, 12; cf.:
tantum modo... dum,
Sall. J. 53, 3: tantum abest, ut, etc. (v. absum). —
b.
In colloquial lang.: tantum est, that is all, nothing more, etc.:
vos rogat, ut, etc. Tantum est. Valete,
Plaut. Trin. prol. 22; so id. Cas. prol. 87: Lo. Numquid amplius? Ly. Tantum est, id. Merc. 2, 2, 12; Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 26; id. Hec. 5, 3, 15.—
2.
Gen. (of price) tanti:
tanti, quanti poscit, vin' tanti illam emi?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 22; cf.:
tanti est, quanti est fungus putidus,
it is worth as much as, is worth no more than, id. Bacch. 4, 7, 23:
frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:
ubi me dixero dare tanti,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 49:
graviter increpuit, tanti habitare censorem,
in so costly a house, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 3. —
b.
Trop.: est tanti (alicui), to be worth so much; to be valued, prized, or esteemed so highly; to be of such consequence or importance:
tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20: tanti non fuit Arsacen capere, ut, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 1:
hoc tanti fuit vertere, ut, etc.,
Quint. 1, 6, 38: est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae tempestatem subire, dummodo a vobis hujus belli periculum depellatur, it is worth this price to me, i. e. I esteem it a light thing, Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15; cf.:
sed est tanti (sc.: invidiam istam mihi impendere), dummodo,
id. ib. 1, 9, 22:
etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem, etc.,
id. Mil. 22, 58:
juratus tibi possum dicere, nihil esse tanti, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 13, 2:
cum dicturis tanti suae non sint (actiones),
Quint. 12, 8, 4:
sunt o! sunt jurgia tanti,
Ov. M. 2, 424 et saep.—
3.
Abl. (with comparatives) tantō, by so much, so much the:
quanto erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur,
Caes. B. G. 5, 45; cf.:
quantum opere processerant, tanto aberant ab aquā longius,
id. B. C. 1, 81:
tanto major vis, quanto recentior,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 133:
reperietis quinquies tanto amplius istum quam quantum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 97, § 225:
tantone minoris decumae venierunt quam fuerunt?
id. ib. 2, 3, 45, § 106 et saep.: bis tanto amici sunt inter se quam prius, twice as much, twice as good, dis tosôi, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 62:
bis tanto pluris,
id. Men. 4, 3, 6:
ter tanto pejor,
id. Pers. 1, 3, 73:
multo tanto miserior,
id. Rud. 2, 6, 37:
si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 89:
post tanto,
Verg. G. 3, 476; Curt. 6, 7, 26.— Rarely with verbs denoting comparison:
tanto praestitit ceteros imperatores, quan to populus Romanus antecedit fortitudine cunctas nationes,
Nep. Hann. 1, 1; Ov. M. 13, 368; cf.:
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut, etc.,
Nep. Epam. 2, 2.— Poet. with sup.:
tanto pessimus omnium poëta, Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus,
Cat. 49, 6.—
b.
In colloquial lang.: tanto melior! so much the better! well done! good! excellent! bravo! etc.: To. Omnes sycophantias instruxi et comparavi, quo pacto ab lenone auferam hoc argentum. Sa. Tanto melior! Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 24; cf. Sen. Ep. 31;
so too: tanto melior,
Plaut. Truc. 5, 61; Phaedr. 3, 5, 3:
tanto hercle melior,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 38:
tanto major! tanto augustior!
how great! how noble! Plin. Pan. 71, 4:
tanto nequior!
so much the worse! that is bad! Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 12; cf. Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 84; so,
tanto miserior,
id. Stich. 5, 5, 8.—
4.
In tantum, so far, so much, to such a degree, so greatly:
danti in tantum producenda notitia est muneris sui, in quantum delectatura est eum, cui datur,
Sen. Ben. 2, 23; Col. 12, 24, 1:
quaedam aquae fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24, 1: humum in tantum deprimere, donec altitudinis mensuram datam ceperit, Col. 3, 13, 9:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27.
II.
Since tantus conveys only the idea of relative greatness, it may also be used (with a foll. ut) to denote a small amount, degree, extent, etc.; hence, of such a quantity or quality, such, so small, so slight or trivial; in the neutr., so little, so few (rare but class.):
ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; id. Fam. 1, 7, 4: si bellum tantum erit, ut vos aut successores sustinere possint, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3:
praesidii tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit,
Caes. B. G. 6, 35:
tantum navium,
id. B. C. 3, 2.—Hence, tantum, adv.
A.
So much, so greatly, to such a degree, so:
tantum, quantum quis fuge,
as quickly as possible, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 94:
de quo tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 1:
id tantum abest ab officio, ut, etc.,
so far, id. Off. 1, 14, 43:
rex tantum auctoritate ejus motus est, ut, etc.,
Nep. Con. 4, 1:
tantum progressus a castris, ut dimicaturum appareret,
Liv. 37, 39, 6:
tantumque ibi moratus, dum, etc.,
so long, id. 27, 42, 13:
tantum ad narrandum argumentum adest benignitas,
Plaut. Men. prol. 16:
ne miremini, quā ratione hic tantum apud istum libertus potuerit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:
nullo tantum se Mysia cultu Jactat,
Verg. G. 1, 102.—With adjj. (mostly poet.):
nec tantum dulcia, quantum Et liquida,
Verg. G. 4, 101:
juventus Non tantum Veneris quantum studiosa culinae,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:
tantum dissimilis,
id. ib. 2, 3, 313:
Marius quantum bello optimus, tantum pace pessimus,
Vell. 2, 11, 1.—
B.
(Acc. to tantus, II.; and therefore, prop., only so much, so little; hence) Only, alone, merely, but:
tantum monet, quantum intellegit,
only so much, Cic. Tusc. 2, 19, 44:
tantum in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat,
Caes. B. G. 2, 8:
quod haec tantum, quantum sensu movetur...se accommodat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:
Socratem tantum de vitā et de moribus solitum esse quaerere,
id. Rep. 1, 10, 16:
nomen tantum virtutis usurpas,
id. Par. 2, 17:
dixit tantum: nihil ostendit, nihil protulit,
id. Fl. 15, 34:
notus mihi nomine tantum,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 3:
apte dicere non elocutionis tantum genere constat, sed, etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 7; so,
non tantum... sed,
id. 9, 3, 28:
nec tantum... sed (etiam),
id. 3, 8, 33; 9, 3, 78; 11, 2, 5.—So with unus (mostly post-Aug.;
once in Cic.): excepit unum tantum: scire se nihil se scire, nihil amplius,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:
unum flumen tantum intererat,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19:
unum defuisse tantum superbiae,
Liv. 6, 16, 5; 21, 50, 6; 34, 9, 5; Just. 8, 5, 5; Cels. 5, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120.—
b.
Strengthened by modo, and also joined with it in one word, tantummŏdo (freq. and class.;
whereas solummodo is only post-Aug., v. h. v.): homines populariter annum tantummodo solis, id est unius astri reditu metiuntur,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:
ut tantummodo per stirpes alantur suas,
id. N. D. 2, 32, 81:
cum tantummodo potestatem gustandi feceris,
id. Rep. 2, 28, 51:
omnis ea judicatio versatur tantummodo in nomine,
id. ib. 4, 6, 6:
pedites tantummodo umeris ac summo pectore exstare (ut possent),
Caes. B. C. 1, 62:
velis tantummodo,
you have only to wish it, Hor. S. 1, 9, 54:
unum hoc tantummodo, neque praeterea quicquam, etc.,
Suet. Tib. 11 et saep.:
neque eum oratorem tantummodo, sed hominem non putant,
Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 52:
neque e silvis tantummodo promota castra, sed etiam... in campos delata acies,
Liv. 9, 37, 2:
Cn. Scipionem misit non ad tuendos tantummodo veteres socios, sed etiam ad pellendum Hispaniā Hasdrubalem,
id. 21, 32, 4; so,
non tantummodo... sed etiam,
Sen. Polyb. 15, 3; id. Ot. Sap. 3, 5; 5, 4; Front. Ep. ad Verr. p. 124:
non tantummodo... sed... quoque,
Vell. 2, 110, 5:
non tantummodo... verum etiam,
Aug. Ep. 162, 1; id. Grat. Christ. 14: non... tantum, with ellips. of sed, not only (but much more), Ov. Am. 1, 4, 63; cf.:
rem atrocem nec tantum epistulā dignam,
Plin. Ep. 3, 14; Juv. 1, 131.—
2.
Particular phrases.
a.
Tantum non, analog. to the Gr. monon ouk, to [p. 1842] point out an action as only not, i. e. very nearly, completed, almost, all but, very nearly (perh. not ante-Aug.; in Cic. Att. 14, 5, 2, Baiter reads tantummodo):
cum agger promotus ad urbem vineaeque tantum non jam injunctae moenibus essent,
Liv. 5, 7, 2:
tantum non jam captam Lacedaemonem esse,
id. 34, 40, 5:
tantum non ad portam bellum esse,
id. 25, 15, 1:
videt Romanos tantum non jam circumveniri a dextro cornu,
id. 37, 29, 9:
cum hostes tantum non arcessierint,
id. 4, 2, 12 Drak.:
tantum non adversis tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit,
Suet. Tib. 11:
tantum non statim a funere,
id. ib. 52:
tantum non summam malorum suorum professus est,
id. ib. 66:
tantum non in ipso ejus consulatu,
id. Dom. 15 et saep.—But in many cases non belongs to the verb, and not to tantum:
tantum non cunctandum neque cessandum esse,
only there must be no delay, Liv. 35, 18, 8:
dictator bello ita gesto, ut tantum non defuisse fortunae videretur,
id. 4, 57, 8 Drak.; cf.:
ut qui per haec vicit, tantum non defuisse sibi advocatum sciat,
Quint. 6, 2, 4.—
b.
Tantum quod, denoting immediate nearness in point of time, only, just, but just, just then, hardly, scarcely (class.):
tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, cum mihi a te litterae redditae sunt,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1:
tantum quod ultimam imposuerat Pannonico bello Caesar manum, cum, etc.,
Vell. 2, 117, 1:
haec cum scriberem, tantum quod existimabam ad te orationem esse perlatam,
Cic. Att. 15, 13, 7:
navis Alexandrina, quae tantum quod appulerat,
Suet. Aug. 98:
natus est XVIII. Cal. Jan. tantum quod oriente sole,
id. Ner. 6:
tantum quod pueritiam egresso,
id. Aug. 63:
dentem tantum quod exemptum,
id. Vesp. 5 (but in Liv. 22, 2, 9; 33, 4, 6; Amm. 27, 5, 4, the quod belongs not to tantum, but to the following verb):
tantum alone = tantum quod,
Verg. E. 6, 16. —
c.
Tantum quod non, only that not, nothing is wanting but:
tantum quod hominem non nominat: causam quidem totam perscribit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 116.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tanti
2 tanto

tantus, a, um, adj. [perh. for tavantus; cf. Sanscr. tāvant, so great; Gr. teôs, i. e. teWôs].
I.
Of such size or measure, so great in amount, extent, value, degree, etc. (as some standard expressed or understood); usually with a foll. quantus, ut, qui, or absol.; rarely quam.
1.
With [p. 1841] quantus:
nullam (contionem) umquam vidi tantam, quanta nunc vestrum est,
Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 18:
quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 29:
est alienum tanto viro, quantus es tu, non posse, etc.,
id. ad Brut. 1, 9, 1:
tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium,
Caes. B. G. 2, 11; cf.:
quamquam Demaden continua dicendi exercitatio potuerit tantum, quantuluscumque postea fuit, fecisse,
Quint. 2, 17, 12; Cic. Lael. 20, 74; Sall. C. 58, 2.—
2.
With ut.
a.
Denoting result or consequence; with subj.:
tanta erat operis firmitudo, ut, etc.,
Caes. B G 4, 17:
non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civitate, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 43, 125;
unum hoc definio, tantam esse necessitatem virtutis... ut, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
quod ego tantum nefas commisi, ut hanc vicem saevitiae meae redderes?
Curt. 4, 10, 29:
quod tantum cogitavi nefas, ut dignior Philotas me videretur?
id. 6, 7, 30.—
b.
Denoting comparison:
tantā modestiā dicto audiens fuit, ut si privatus esset,
Nep. Ages. 4, 2.—
3.
With rel. qui, etc.:
cave putes aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 42, 65:
statuerunt, tantum illud esse maleficium, quod, etc.,
id. Sull. 2, 7:
nulla est tanta vis, quae non ferro frangi possit,
id. Marcell. 3, 8.—
4.
Without correlation (esp. freq. in exclamations, etc.) ita tanta mira in aedibus sunt facta, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 5:
tanta factis modo mira miris modis, etc.,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 5:
qui tantus natu deorum nescis nomina,
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15:
neque solum in tantis rebus, sed etiam in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis,
id. Rep. 1, 3, 4:
tantilla tanta verba funditat,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 61. hocine mihi ob labores tantos tantillum dari, id. Truc. 2, 6, 56:
ne tantae nationes conjugantur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 11:
onus,
id. ib. 2, 30 in tantis motionibus tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tantarum ordinious, Cic. N D. 2, 5, 15:
non idem sentio tanta hac in re tamque immensa posse fieri,
id. de Or 2, 20, 84:
qui tantas et tam infinitas pecunias repudiarit,
id. Rosc. Com. 8, 24:
tot tantaque vitia,
id. Verr 1, 16, 47:
quae faceres in hominem tantum et talem,
id. Fam. 13, 66, 1; cf.:
conservare urbes tantas atque tales,
id. N. D. 3, 38, 92, so too, with talis, id. Fam. 15, 4, 14, id. Phil. 2, 29, 71:
tanta ista mala,
Sall. C. 40, 2;
Liv 31, 9: neque tanto tractu se colligit anguis,
Verg. G. 2, 154:
tantorum ingentia septem Terga boum,
id. A. 5, 404; Curt. 3, 1, 10; 3, 3, 28; 4, 1, 1:
sexcenta tanta reddam, si vivo, tibi,
six hundred times as much, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 111; so,
sexcenta tanta,
id. Ps. 2, 2, 37:
tribus tantis illi minus redit quam obseveris,
three times as much less, id. Trin. 2, 4, 129:
jam non quaero, unde tantam Melitensem vestem habueris,
such a great quantity of, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183:
si in uno corpore tantarum rerum gubernationem mens humana possidet,
Lact. 1, 3, 21.—
5.
With quam:
maria aspera juro, Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, Quam, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 352 (cf. infra, B. 2.).—With a partit. gen.:
tantus ille ventorum,
Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 121 (dub.; Jahn, ventus).—
6.
Esp. in phrase tantō ŏpĕre; freq. as one word, tantŏpĕre, so greatly, in so high a degree, so very, etc. (class. and freq.):
cur tanto opere extimueras?
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 92, cf.:
si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 2; id. Ep. 1, 2, 31; Ter. And. 5, 2, 27; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 38; Caes. B. G. 7, 52; Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21; id. Mur. 10, 23; id. de Or. 1, 35, 164 al.—In an inverted order:
mirum est, me, ut redeam, te opere tanto quaesere,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 1.—
B.
Transf., so many ( = tot; mostly poet.):
tantae Coëunt in proelia gentes,
Val. Fl. 5, 636:
lamentabile tantis urbibus,
Stat. Th. 11, 160:
legatum valet in tantos quanti inveniantur,
Dig. 30, 1, 65.— Sing.:
numquam tanto se vulture caelum Induit,
Luc. 7, 834. —
C.
Neutr. absol.
1.
tantum, so much, so many:
habere tantum molestiae quantum gloriae...ut tantum nobis, quantum ipsi superesse posset, remitteret,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:
decutio argenti tantum, quantum mihi lubet,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 3, 4:
iis adposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo adparatu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91: tantum complectitur, quod satis sit modicae palaestrae, id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:
eo indito cumini fricti tantum, quod oleat,
Cato, R. R. 156, 3 (cf.: tantum quod, s. v. tantum, adv. B. 2. b.): Ch. Coactus reddidit ducentos et mille Philippum. Ni. Tantum debuit, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 38: nec tantum Karthago habuisset opum, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 526 (1, 48, 3 B. and K.):
cum tantum belli in manibus esset,
Liv. 4, 57, 1:
sed quid hic tantum hominum incedunt?
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 5:
tantum hostium intra muros est,
Liv. 3, 17, 4 et saep.:
sexies tantum, quam quantum satum sit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 102; cf.:
etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam, etc.,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81 (v. alter):
tantum... dum,
Liv. 27, 42, 12; cf.:
tantum modo... dum,
Sall. J. 53, 3: tantum abest, ut, etc. (v. absum). —
b.
In colloquial lang.: tantum est, that is all, nothing more, etc.:
vos rogat, ut, etc. Tantum est. Valete,
Plaut. Trin. prol. 22; so id. Cas. prol. 87: Lo. Numquid amplius? Ly. Tantum est, id. Merc. 2, 2, 12; Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 26; id. Hec. 5, 3, 15.—
2.
Gen. (of price) tanti:
tanti, quanti poscit, vin' tanti illam emi?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 22; cf.:
tanti est, quanti est fungus putidus,
it is worth as much as, is worth no more than, id. Bacch. 4, 7, 23:
frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:
ubi me dixero dare tanti,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 49:
graviter increpuit, tanti habitare censorem,
in so costly a house, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 3. —
b.
Trop.: est tanti (alicui), to be worth so much; to be valued, prized, or esteemed so highly; to be of such consequence or importance:
tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20: tanti non fuit Arsacen capere, ut, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 1:
hoc tanti fuit vertere, ut, etc.,
Quint. 1, 6, 38: est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae tempestatem subire, dummodo a vobis hujus belli periculum depellatur, it is worth this price to me, i. e. I esteem it a light thing, Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15; cf.:
sed est tanti (sc.: invidiam istam mihi impendere), dummodo,
id. ib. 1, 9, 22:
etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem, etc.,
id. Mil. 22, 58:
juratus tibi possum dicere, nihil esse tanti, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 13, 2:
cum dicturis tanti suae non sint (actiones),
Quint. 12, 8, 4:
sunt o! sunt jurgia tanti,
Ov. M. 2, 424 et saep.—
3.
Abl. (with comparatives) tantō, by so much, so much the:
quanto erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur,
Caes. B. G. 5, 45; cf.:
quantum opere processerant, tanto aberant ab aquā longius,
id. B. C. 1, 81:
tanto major vis, quanto recentior,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 133:
reperietis quinquies tanto amplius istum quam quantum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 97, § 225:
tantone minoris decumae venierunt quam fuerunt?
id. ib. 2, 3, 45, § 106 et saep.: bis tanto amici sunt inter se quam prius, twice as much, twice as good, dis tosôi, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 62:
bis tanto pluris,
id. Men. 4, 3, 6:
ter tanto pejor,
id. Pers. 1, 3, 73:
multo tanto miserior,
id. Rud. 2, 6, 37:
si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 89:
post tanto,
Verg. G. 3, 476; Curt. 6, 7, 26.— Rarely with verbs denoting comparison:
tanto praestitit ceteros imperatores, quan to populus Romanus antecedit fortitudine cunctas nationes,
Nep. Hann. 1, 1; Ov. M. 13, 368; cf.:
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut, etc.,
Nep. Epam. 2, 2.— Poet. with sup.:
tanto pessimus omnium poëta, Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus,
Cat. 49, 6.—
b.
In colloquial lang.: tanto melior! so much the better! well done! good! excellent! bravo! etc.: To. Omnes sycophantias instruxi et comparavi, quo pacto ab lenone auferam hoc argentum. Sa. Tanto melior! Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 24; cf. Sen. Ep. 31;
so too: tanto melior,
Plaut. Truc. 5, 61; Phaedr. 3, 5, 3:
tanto hercle melior,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 38:
tanto major! tanto augustior!
how great! how noble! Plin. Pan. 71, 4:
tanto nequior!
so much the worse! that is bad! Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 12; cf. Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 84; so,
tanto miserior,
id. Stich. 5, 5, 8.—
4.
In tantum, so far, so much, to such a degree, so greatly:
danti in tantum producenda notitia est muneris sui, in quantum delectatura est eum, cui datur,
Sen. Ben. 2, 23; Col. 12, 24, 1:
quaedam aquae fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24, 1: humum in tantum deprimere, donec altitudinis mensuram datam ceperit, Col. 3, 13, 9:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27.
II.
Since tantus conveys only the idea of relative greatness, it may also be used (with a foll. ut) to denote a small amount, degree, extent, etc.; hence, of such a quantity or quality, such, so small, so slight or trivial; in the neutr., so little, so few (rare but class.):
ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; id. Fam. 1, 7, 4: si bellum tantum erit, ut vos aut successores sustinere possint, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3:
praesidii tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit,
Caes. B. G. 6, 35:
tantum navium,
id. B. C. 3, 2.—Hence, tantum, adv.
A.
So much, so greatly, to such a degree, so:
tantum, quantum quis fuge,
as quickly as possible, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 94:
de quo tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 1:
id tantum abest ab officio, ut, etc.,
so far, id. Off. 1, 14, 43:
rex tantum auctoritate ejus motus est, ut, etc.,
Nep. Con. 4, 1:
tantum progressus a castris, ut dimicaturum appareret,
Liv. 37, 39, 6:
tantumque ibi moratus, dum, etc.,
so long, id. 27, 42, 13:
tantum ad narrandum argumentum adest benignitas,
Plaut. Men. prol. 16:
ne miremini, quā ratione hic tantum apud istum libertus potuerit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:
nullo tantum se Mysia cultu Jactat,
Verg. G. 1, 102.—With adjj. (mostly poet.):
nec tantum dulcia, quantum Et liquida,
Verg. G. 4, 101:
juventus Non tantum Veneris quantum studiosa culinae,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:
tantum dissimilis,
id. ib. 2, 3, 313:
Marius quantum bello optimus, tantum pace pessimus,
Vell. 2, 11, 1.—
B.
(Acc. to tantus, II.; and therefore, prop., only so much, so little; hence) Only, alone, merely, but:
tantum monet, quantum intellegit,
only so much, Cic. Tusc. 2, 19, 44:
tantum in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat,
Caes. B. G. 2, 8:
quod haec tantum, quantum sensu movetur...se accommodat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:
Socratem tantum de vitā et de moribus solitum esse quaerere,
id. Rep. 1, 10, 16:
nomen tantum virtutis usurpas,
id. Par. 2, 17:
dixit tantum: nihil ostendit, nihil protulit,
id. Fl. 15, 34:
notus mihi nomine tantum,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 3:
apte dicere non elocutionis tantum genere constat, sed, etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 7; so,
non tantum... sed,
id. 9, 3, 28:
nec tantum... sed (etiam),
id. 3, 8, 33; 9, 3, 78; 11, 2, 5.—So with unus (mostly post-Aug.;
once in Cic.): excepit unum tantum: scire se nihil se scire, nihil amplius,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:
unum flumen tantum intererat,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19:
unum defuisse tantum superbiae,
Liv. 6, 16, 5; 21, 50, 6; 34, 9, 5; Just. 8, 5, 5; Cels. 5, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120.—
b.
Strengthened by modo, and also joined with it in one word, tantummŏdo (freq. and class.;
whereas solummodo is only post-Aug., v. h. v.): homines populariter annum tantummodo solis, id est unius astri reditu metiuntur,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:
ut tantummodo per stirpes alantur suas,
id. N. D. 2, 32, 81:
cum tantummodo potestatem gustandi feceris,
id. Rep. 2, 28, 51:
omnis ea judicatio versatur tantummodo in nomine,
id. ib. 4, 6, 6:
pedites tantummodo umeris ac summo pectore exstare (ut possent),
Caes. B. C. 1, 62:
velis tantummodo,
you have only to wish it, Hor. S. 1, 9, 54:
unum hoc tantummodo, neque praeterea quicquam, etc.,
Suet. Tib. 11 et saep.:
neque eum oratorem tantummodo, sed hominem non putant,
Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 52:
neque e silvis tantummodo promota castra, sed etiam... in campos delata acies,
Liv. 9, 37, 2:
Cn. Scipionem misit non ad tuendos tantummodo veteres socios, sed etiam ad pellendum Hispaniā Hasdrubalem,
id. 21, 32, 4; so,
non tantummodo... sed etiam,
Sen. Polyb. 15, 3; id. Ot. Sap. 3, 5; 5, 4; Front. Ep. ad Verr. p. 124:
non tantummodo... sed... quoque,
Vell. 2, 110, 5:
non tantummodo... verum etiam,
Aug. Ep. 162, 1; id. Grat. Christ. 14: non... tantum, with ellips. of sed, not only (but much more), Ov. Am. 1, 4, 63; cf.:
rem atrocem nec tantum epistulā dignam,
Plin. Ep. 3, 14; Juv. 1, 131.—
2.
Particular phrases.
a.
Tantum non, analog. to the Gr. monon ouk, to [p. 1842] point out an action as only not, i. e. very nearly, completed, almost, all but, very nearly (perh. not ante-Aug.; in Cic. Att. 14, 5, 2, Baiter reads tantummodo):
cum agger promotus ad urbem vineaeque tantum non jam injunctae moenibus essent,
Liv. 5, 7, 2:
tantum non jam captam Lacedaemonem esse,
id. 34, 40, 5:
tantum non ad portam bellum esse,
id. 25, 15, 1:
videt Romanos tantum non jam circumveniri a dextro cornu,
id. 37, 29, 9:
cum hostes tantum non arcessierint,
id. 4, 2, 12 Drak.:
tantum non adversis tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit,
Suet. Tib. 11:
tantum non statim a funere,
id. ib. 52:
tantum non summam malorum suorum professus est,
id. ib. 66:
tantum non in ipso ejus consulatu,
id. Dom. 15 et saep.—But in many cases non belongs to the verb, and not to tantum:
tantum non cunctandum neque cessandum esse,
only there must be no delay, Liv. 35, 18, 8:
dictator bello ita gesto, ut tantum non defuisse fortunae videretur,
id. 4, 57, 8 Drak.; cf.:
ut qui per haec vicit, tantum non defuisse sibi advocatum sciat,
Quint. 6, 2, 4.—
b.
Tantum quod, denoting immediate nearness in point of time, only, just, but just, just then, hardly, scarcely (class.):
tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, cum mihi a te litterae redditae sunt,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1:
tantum quod ultimam imposuerat Pannonico bello Caesar manum, cum, etc.,
Vell. 2, 117, 1:
haec cum scriberem, tantum quod existimabam ad te orationem esse perlatam,
Cic. Att. 15, 13, 7:
navis Alexandrina, quae tantum quod appulerat,
Suet. Aug. 98:
natus est XVIII. Cal. Jan. tantum quod oriente sole,
id. Ner. 6:
tantum quod pueritiam egresso,
id. Aug. 63:
dentem tantum quod exemptum,
id. Vesp. 5 (but in Liv. 22, 2, 9; 33, 4, 6; Amm. 27, 5, 4, the quod belongs not to tantum, but to the following verb):
tantum alone = tantum quod,
Verg. E. 6, 16. —
c.
Tantum quod non, only that not, nothing is wanting but:
tantum quod hominem non nominat: causam quidem totam perscribit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 116.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tanto
3 tanto opere

tantus, a, um, adj. [perh. for tavantus; cf. Sanscr. tāvant, so great; Gr. teôs, i. e. teWôs].
I.
Of such size or measure, so great in amount, extent, value, degree, etc. (as some standard expressed or understood); usually with a foll. quantus, ut, qui, or absol.; rarely quam.
1.
With [p. 1841] quantus:
nullam (contionem) umquam vidi tantam, quanta nunc vestrum est,
Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 18:
quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 29:
est alienum tanto viro, quantus es tu, non posse, etc.,
id. ad Brut. 1, 9, 1:
tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium,
Caes. B. G. 2, 11; cf.:
quamquam Demaden continua dicendi exercitatio potuerit tantum, quantuluscumque postea fuit, fecisse,
Quint. 2, 17, 12; Cic. Lael. 20, 74; Sall. C. 58, 2.—
2.
With ut.
a.
Denoting result or consequence; with subj.:
tanta erat operis firmitudo, ut, etc.,
Caes. B G 4, 17:
non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civitate, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 43, 125;
unum hoc definio, tantam esse necessitatem virtutis... ut, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
quod ego tantum nefas commisi, ut hanc vicem saevitiae meae redderes?
Curt. 4, 10, 29:
quod tantum cogitavi nefas, ut dignior Philotas me videretur?
id. 6, 7, 30.—
b.
Denoting comparison:
tantā modestiā dicto audiens fuit, ut si privatus esset,
Nep. Ages. 4, 2.—
3.
With rel. qui, etc.:
cave putes aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 42, 65:
statuerunt, tantum illud esse maleficium, quod, etc.,
id. Sull. 2, 7:
nulla est tanta vis, quae non ferro frangi possit,
id. Marcell. 3, 8.—
4.
Without correlation (esp. freq. in exclamations, etc.) ita tanta mira in aedibus sunt facta, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 5:
tanta factis modo mira miris modis, etc.,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 5:
qui tantus natu deorum nescis nomina,
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15:
neque solum in tantis rebus, sed etiam in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis,
id. Rep. 1, 3, 4:
tantilla tanta verba funditat,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 61. hocine mihi ob labores tantos tantillum dari, id. Truc. 2, 6, 56:
ne tantae nationes conjugantur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 11:
onus,
id. ib. 2, 30 in tantis motionibus tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tantarum ordinious, Cic. N D. 2, 5, 15:
non idem sentio tanta hac in re tamque immensa posse fieri,
id. de Or 2, 20, 84:
qui tantas et tam infinitas pecunias repudiarit,
id. Rosc. Com. 8, 24:
tot tantaque vitia,
id. Verr 1, 16, 47:
quae faceres in hominem tantum et talem,
id. Fam. 13, 66, 1; cf.:
conservare urbes tantas atque tales,
id. N. D. 3, 38, 92, so too, with talis, id. Fam. 15, 4, 14, id. Phil. 2, 29, 71:
tanta ista mala,
Sall. C. 40, 2;
Liv 31, 9: neque tanto tractu se colligit anguis,
Verg. G. 2, 154:
tantorum ingentia septem Terga boum,
id. A. 5, 404; Curt. 3, 1, 10; 3, 3, 28; 4, 1, 1:
sexcenta tanta reddam, si vivo, tibi,
six hundred times as much, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 111; so,
sexcenta tanta,
id. Ps. 2, 2, 37:
tribus tantis illi minus redit quam obseveris,
three times as much less, id. Trin. 2, 4, 129:
jam non quaero, unde tantam Melitensem vestem habueris,
such a great quantity of, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183:
si in uno corpore tantarum rerum gubernationem mens humana possidet,
Lact. 1, 3, 21.—
5.
With quam:
maria aspera juro, Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, Quam, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 352 (cf. infra, B. 2.).—With a partit. gen.:
tantus ille ventorum,
Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 121 (dub.; Jahn, ventus).—
6.
Esp. in phrase tantō ŏpĕre; freq. as one word, tantŏpĕre, so greatly, in so high a degree, so very, etc. (class. and freq.):
cur tanto opere extimueras?
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 92, cf.:
si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 2; id. Ep. 1, 2, 31; Ter. And. 5, 2, 27; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 38; Caes. B. G. 7, 52; Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21; id. Mur. 10, 23; id. de Or. 1, 35, 164 al.—In an inverted order:
mirum est, me, ut redeam, te opere tanto quaesere,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 1.—
B.
Transf., so many ( = tot; mostly poet.):
tantae Coëunt in proelia gentes,
Val. Fl. 5, 636:
lamentabile tantis urbibus,
Stat. Th. 11, 160:
legatum valet in tantos quanti inveniantur,
Dig. 30, 1, 65.— Sing.:
numquam tanto se vulture caelum Induit,
Luc. 7, 834. —
C.
Neutr. absol.
1.
tantum, so much, so many:
habere tantum molestiae quantum gloriae...ut tantum nobis, quantum ipsi superesse posset, remitteret,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:
decutio argenti tantum, quantum mihi lubet,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 3, 4:
iis adposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo adparatu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91: tantum complectitur, quod satis sit modicae palaestrae, id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:
eo indito cumini fricti tantum, quod oleat,
Cato, R. R. 156, 3 (cf.: tantum quod, s. v. tantum, adv. B. 2. b.): Ch. Coactus reddidit ducentos et mille Philippum. Ni. Tantum debuit, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 38: nec tantum Karthago habuisset opum, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 526 (1, 48, 3 B. and K.):
cum tantum belli in manibus esset,
Liv. 4, 57, 1:
sed quid hic tantum hominum incedunt?
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 5:
tantum hostium intra muros est,
Liv. 3, 17, 4 et saep.:
sexies tantum, quam quantum satum sit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 102; cf.:
etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam, etc.,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81 (v. alter):
tantum... dum,
Liv. 27, 42, 12; cf.:
tantum modo... dum,
Sall. J. 53, 3: tantum abest, ut, etc. (v. absum). —
b.
In colloquial lang.: tantum est, that is all, nothing more, etc.:
vos rogat, ut, etc. Tantum est. Valete,
Plaut. Trin. prol. 22; so id. Cas. prol. 87: Lo. Numquid amplius? Ly. Tantum est, id. Merc. 2, 2, 12; Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 26; id. Hec. 5, 3, 15.—
2.
Gen. (of price) tanti:
tanti, quanti poscit, vin' tanti illam emi?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 22; cf.:
tanti est, quanti est fungus putidus,
it is worth as much as, is worth no more than, id. Bacch. 4, 7, 23:
frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:
ubi me dixero dare tanti,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 49:
graviter increpuit, tanti habitare censorem,
in so costly a house, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 3. —
b.
Trop.: est tanti (alicui), to be worth so much; to be valued, prized, or esteemed so highly; to be of such consequence or importance:
tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20: tanti non fuit Arsacen capere, ut, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 1:
hoc tanti fuit vertere, ut, etc.,
Quint. 1, 6, 38: est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae tempestatem subire, dummodo a vobis hujus belli periculum depellatur, it is worth this price to me, i. e. I esteem it a light thing, Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15; cf.:
sed est tanti (sc.: invidiam istam mihi impendere), dummodo,
id. ib. 1, 9, 22:
etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem, etc.,
id. Mil. 22, 58:
juratus tibi possum dicere, nihil esse tanti, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 13, 2:
cum dicturis tanti suae non sint (actiones),
Quint. 12, 8, 4:
sunt o! sunt jurgia tanti,
Ov. M. 2, 424 et saep.—
3.
Abl. (with comparatives) tantō, by so much, so much the:
quanto erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur,
Caes. B. G. 5, 45; cf.:
quantum opere processerant, tanto aberant ab aquā longius,
id. B. C. 1, 81:
tanto major vis, quanto recentior,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 133:
reperietis quinquies tanto amplius istum quam quantum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 97, § 225:
tantone minoris decumae venierunt quam fuerunt?
id. ib. 2, 3, 45, § 106 et saep.: bis tanto amici sunt inter se quam prius, twice as much, twice as good, dis tosôi, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 62:
bis tanto pluris,
id. Men. 4, 3, 6:
ter tanto pejor,
id. Pers. 1, 3, 73:
multo tanto miserior,
id. Rud. 2, 6, 37:
si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 89:
post tanto,
Verg. G. 3, 476; Curt. 6, 7, 26.— Rarely with verbs denoting comparison:
tanto praestitit ceteros imperatores, quan to populus Romanus antecedit fortitudine cunctas nationes,
Nep. Hann. 1, 1; Ov. M. 13, 368; cf.:
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut, etc.,
Nep. Epam. 2, 2.— Poet. with sup.:
tanto pessimus omnium poëta, Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus,
Cat. 49, 6.—
b.
In colloquial lang.: tanto melior! so much the better! well done! good! excellent! bravo! etc.: To. Omnes sycophantias instruxi et comparavi, quo pacto ab lenone auferam hoc argentum. Sa. Tanto melior! Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 24; cf. Sen. Ep. 31;
so too: tanto melior,
Plaut. Truc. 5, 61; Phaedr. 3, 5, 3:
tanto hercle melior,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 38:
tanto major! tanto augustior!
how great! how noble! Plin. Pan. 71, 4:
tanto nequior!
so much the worse! that is bad! Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 12; cf. Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 84; so,
tanto miserior,
id. Stich. 5, 5, 8.—
4.
In tantum, so far, so much, to such a degree, so greatly:
danti in tantum producenda notitia est muneris sui, in quantum delectatura est eum, cui datur,
Sen. Ben. 2, 23; Col. 12, 24, 1:
quaedam aquae fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24, 1: humum in tantum deprimere, donec altitudinis mensuram datam ceperit, Col. 3, 13, 9:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27.
II.
Since tantus conveys only the idea of relative greatness, it may also be used (with a foll. ut) to denote a small amount, degree, extent, etc.; hence, of such a quantity or quality, such, so small, so slight or trivial; in the neutr., so little, so few (rare but class.):
ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; id. Fam. 1, 7, 4: si bellum tantum erit, ut vos aut successores sustinere possint, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3:
praesidii tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit,
Caes. B. G. 6, 35:
tantum navium,
id. B. C. 3, 2.—Hence, tantum, adv.
A.
So much, so greatly, to such a degree, so:
tantum, quantum quis fuge,
as quickly as possible, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 94:
de quo tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 1:
id tantum abest ab officio, ut, etc.,
so far, id. Off. 1, 14, 43:
rex tantum auctoritate ejus motus est, ut, etc.,
Nep. Con. 4, 1:
tantum progressus a castris, ut dimicaturum appareret,
Liv. 37, 39, 6:
tantumque ibi moratus, dum, etc.,
so long, id. 27, 42, 13:
tantum ad narrandum argumentum adest benignitas,
Plaut. Men. prol. 16:
ne miremini, quā ratione hic tantum apud istum libertus potuerit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:
nullo tantum se Mysia cultu Jactat,
Verg. G. 1, 102.—With adjj. (mostly poet.):
nec tantum dulcia, quantum Et liquida,
Verg. G. 4, 101:
juventus Non tantum Veneris quantum studiosa culinae,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:
tantum dissimilis,
id. ib. 2, 3, 313:
Marius quantum bello optimus, tantum pace pessimus,
Vell. 2, 11, 1.—
B.
(Acc. to tantus, II.; and therefore, prop., only so much, so little; hence) Only, alone, merely, but:
tantum monet, quantum intellegit,
only so much, Cic. Tusc. 2, 19, 44:
tantum in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat,
Caes. B. G. 2, 8:
quod haec tantum, quantum sensu movetur...se accommodat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:
Socratem tantum de vitā et de moribus solitum esse quaerere,
id. Rep. 1, 10, 16:
nomen tantum virtutis usurpas,
id. Par. 2, 17:
dixit tantum: nihil ostendit, nihil protulit,
id. Fl. 15, 34:
notus mihi nomine tantum,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 3:
apte dicere non elocutionis tantum genere constat, sed, etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 7; so,
non tantum... sed,
id. 9, 3, 28:
nec tantum... sed (etiam),
id. 3, 8, 33; 9, 3, 78; 11, 2, 5.—So with unus (mostly post-Aug.;
once in Cic.): excepit unum tantum: scire se nihil se scire, nihil amplius,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:
unum flumen tantum intererat,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19:
unum defuisse tantum superbiae,
Liv. 6, 16, 5; 21, 50, 6; 34, 9, 5; Just. 8, 5, 5; Cels. 5, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120.—
b.
Strengthened by modo, and also joined with it in one word, tantummŏdo (freq. and class.;
whereas solummodo is only post-Aug., v. h. v.): homines populariter annum tantummodo solis, id est unius astri reditu metiuntur,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:
ut tantummodo per stirpes alantur suas,
id. N. D. 2, 32, 81:
cum tantummodo potestatem gustandi feceris,
id. Rep. 2, 28, 51:
omnis ea judicatio versatur tantummodo in nomine,
id. ib. 4, 6, 6:
pedites tantummodo umeris ac summo pectore exstare (ut possent),
Caes. B. C. 1, 62:
velis tantummodo,
you have only to wish it, Hor. S. 1, 9, 54:
unum hoc tantummodo, neque praeterea quicquam, etc.,
Suet. Tib. 11 et saep.:
neque eum oratorem tantummodo, sed hominem non putant,
Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 52:
neque e silvis tantummodo promota castra, sed etiam... in campos delata acies,
Liv. 9, 37, 2:
Cn. Scipionem misit non ad tuendos tantummodo veteres socios, sed etiam ad pellendum Hispaniā Hasdrubalem,
id. 21, 32, 4; so,
non tantummodo... sed etiam,
Sen. Polyb. 15, 3; id. Ot. Sap. 3, 5; 5, 4; Front. Ep. ad Verr. p. 124:
non tantummodo... sed... quoque,
Vell. 2, 110, 5:
non tantummodo... verum etiam,
Aug. Ep. 162, 1; id. Grat. Christ. 14: non... tantum, with ellips. of sed, not only (but much more), Ov. Am. 1, 4, 63; cf.:
rem atrocem nec tantum epistulā dignam,
Plin. Ep. 3, 14; Juv. 1, 131.—
2.
Particular phrases.
a.
Tantum non, analog. to the Gr. monon ouk, to [p. 1842] point out an action as only not, i. e. very nearly, completed, almost, all but, very nearly (perh. not ante-Aug.; in Cic. Att. 14, 5, 2, Baiter reads tantummodo):
cum agger promotus ad urbem vineaeque tantum non jam injunctae moenibus essent,
Liv. 5, 7, 2:
tantum non jam captam Lacedaemonem esse,
id. 34, 40, 5:
tantum non ad portam bellum esse,
id. 25, 15, 1:
videt Romanos tantum non jam circumveniri a dextro cornu,
id. 37, 29, 9:
cum hostes tantum non arcessierint,
id. 4, 2, 12 Drak.:
tantum non adversis tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit,
Suet. Tib. 11:
tantum non statim a funere,
id. ib. 52:
tantum non summam malorum suorum professus est,
id. ib. 66:
tantum non in ipso ejus consulatu,
id. Dom. 15 et saep.—But in many cases non belongs to the verb, and not to tantum:
tantum non cunctandum neque cessandum esse,
only there must be no delay, Liv. 35, 18, 8:
dictator bello ita gesto, ut tantum non defuisse fortunae videretur,
id. 4, 57, 8 Drak.; cf.:
ut qui per haec vicit, tantum non defuisse sibi advocatum sciat,
Quint. 6, 2, 4.—
b.
Tantum quod, denoting immediate nearness in point of time, only, just, but just, just then, hardly, scarcely (class.):
tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, cum mihi a te litterae redditae sunt,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1:
tantum quod ultimam imposuerat Pannonico bello Caesar manum, cum, etc.,
Vell. 2, 117, 1:
haec cum scriberem, tantum quod existimabam ad te orationem esse perlatam,
Cic. Att. 15, 13, 7:
navis Alexandrina, quae tantum quod appulerat,
Suet. Aug. 98:
natus est XVIII. Cal. Jan. tantum quod oriente sole,
id. Ner. 6:
tantum quod pueritiam egresso,
id. Aug. 63:
dentem tantum quod exemptum,
id. Vesp. 5 (but in Liv. 22, 2, 9; 33, 4, 6; Amm. 27, 5, 4, the quod belongs not to tantum, but to the following verb):
tantum alone = tantum quod,
Verg. E. 6, 16. —
c.
Tantum quod non, only that not, nothing is wanting but:
tantum quod hominem non nominat: causam quidem totam perscribit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 116.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tanto opere
4 tantus

tantus, a, um, adj. [perh. for tavantus; cf. Sanscr. tāvant, so great; Gr. teôs, i. e. teWôs].
I.
Of such size or measure, so great in amount, extent, value, degree, etc. (as some standard expressed or understood); usually with a foll. quantus, ut, qui, or absol.; rarely quam.
1.
With [p. 1841] quantus:
nullam (contionem) umquam vidi tantam, quanta nunc vestrum est,
Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 18:
quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquis imperatoribus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 29:
est alienum tanto viro, quantus es tu, non posse, etc.,
id. ad Brut. 1, 9, 1:
tantam eorum multitudinem nostri interfecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium,
Caes. B. G. 2, 11; cf.:
quamquam Demaden continua dicendi exercitatio potuerit tantum, quantuluscumque postea fuit, fecisse,
Quint. 2, 17, 12; Cic. Lael. 20, 74; Sall. C. 58, 2.—
2.
With ut.
a.
Denoting result or consequence; with subj.:
tanta erat operis firmitudo, ut, etc.,
Caes. B G 4, 17:
non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civitate, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 43, 125;
unum hoc definio, tantam esse necessitatem virtutis... ut, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
quod ego tantum nefas commisi, ut hanc vicem saevitiae meae redderes?
Curt. 4, 10, 29:
quod tantum cogitavi nefas, ut dignior Philotas me videretur?
id. 6, 7, 30.—
b.
Denoting comparison:
tantā modestiā dicto audiens fuit, ut si privatus esset,
Nep. Ages. 4, 2.—
3.
With rel. qui, etc.:
cave putes aut mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 42, 65:
statuerunt, tantum illud esse maleficium, quod, etc.,
id. Sull. 2, 7:
nulla est tanta vis, quae non ferro frangi possit,
id. Marcell. 3, 8.—
4.
Without correlation (esp. freq. in exclamations, etc.) ita tanta mira in aedibus sunt facta, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 5:
tanta factis modo mira miris modis, etc.,
id. Cas. 3, 5, 5:
qui tantus natu deorum nescis nomina,
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 15:
neque solum in tantis rebus, sed etiam in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis,
id. Rep. 1, 3, 4:
tantilla tanta verba funditat,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 61. hocine mihi ob labores tantos tantillum dari, id. Truc. 2, 6, 56:
ne tantae nationes conjugantur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 11:
onus,
id. ib. 2, 30 in tantis motionibus tantisque vicissitudinibus, tam multarum rerum atque tantarum ordinious, Cic. N D. 2, 5, 15:
non idem sentio tanta hac in re tamque immensa posse fieri,
id. de Or 2, 20, 84:
qui tantas et tam infinitas pecunias repudiarit,
id. Rosc. Com. 8, 24:
tot tantaque vitia,
id. Verr 1, 16, 47:
quae faceres in hominem tantum et talem,
id. Fam. 13, 66, 1; cf.:
conservare urbes tantas atque tales,
id. N. D. 3, 38, 92, so too, with talis, id. Fam. 15, 4, 14, id. Phil. 2, 29, 71:
tanta ista mala,
Sall. C. 40, 2;
Liv 31, 9: neque tanto tractu se colligit anguis,
Verg. G. 2, 154:
tantorum ingentia septem Terga boum,
id. A. 5, 404; Curt. 3, 1, 10; 3, 3, 28; 4, 1, 1:
sexcenta tanta reddam, si vivo, tibi,
six hundred times as much, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 111; so,
sexcenta tanta,
id. Ps. 2, 2, 37:
tribus tantis illi minus redit quam obseveris,
three times as much less, id. Trin. 2, 4, 129:
jam non quaero, unde tantam Melitensem vestem habueris,
such a great quantity of, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 183:
si in uno corpore tantarum rerum gubernationem mens humana possidet,
Lact. 1, 3, 21.—
5.
With quam:
maria aspera juro, Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, Quam, etc.,
Verg. A. 6, 352 (cf. infra, B. 2.).—With a partit. gen.:
tantus ille ventorum,
Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 121 (dub.; Jahn, ventus).—
6.
Esp. in phrase tantō ŏpĕre; freq. as one word, tantŏpĕre, so greatly, in so high a degree, so very, etc. (class. and freq.):
cur tanto opere extimueras?
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 92, cf.:
si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,
Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 2; id. Ep. 1, 2, 31; Ter. And. 5, 2, 27; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 38; Caes. B. G. 7, 52; Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21; id. Mur. 10, 23; id. de Or. 1, 35, 164 al.—In an inverted order:
mirum est, me, ut redeam, te opere tanto quaesere,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 1.—
B.
Transf., so many ( = tot; mostly poet.):
tantae Coëunt in proelia gentes,
Val. Fl. 5, 636:
lamentabile tantis urbibus,
Stat. Th. 11, 160:
legatum valet in tantos quanti inveniantur,
Dig. 30, 1, 65.— Sing.:
numquam tanto se vulture caelum Induit,
Luc. 7, 834. —
C.
Neutr. absol.
1.
tantum, so much, so many:
habere tantum molestiae quantum gloriae...ut tantum nobis, quantum ipsi superesse posset, remitteret,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:
decutio argenti tantum, quantum mihi lubet,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 3, 4:
iis adposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo adparatu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 91: tantum complectitur, quod satis sit modicae palaestrae, id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:
eo indito cumini fricti tantum, quod oleat,
Cato, R. R. 156, 3 (cf.: tantum quod, s. v. tantum, adv. B. 2. b.): Ch. Coactus reddidit ducentos et mille Philippum. Ni. Tantum debuit, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 38: nec tantum Karthago habuisset opum, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 526 (1, 48, 3 B. and K.):
cum tantum belli in manibus esset,
Liv. 4, 57, 1:
sed quid hic tantum hominum incedunt?
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 5:
tantum hostium intra muros est,
Liv. 3, 17, 4 et saep.:
sexies tantum, quam quantum satum sit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 102; cf.:
etiamsi alterum tantum perdundum est, perdam, etc.,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 81 (v. alter):
tantum... dum,
Liv. 27, 42, 12; cf.:
tantum modo... dum,
Sall. J. 53, 3: tantum abest, ut, etc. (v. absum). —
b.
In colloquial lang.: tantum est, that is all, nothing more, etc.:
vos rogat, ut, etc. Tantum est. Valete,
Plaut. Trin. prol. 22; so id. Cas. prol. 87: Lo. Numquid amplius? Ly. Tantum est, id. Merc. 2, 2, 12; Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 26; id. Hec. 5, 3, 15.—
2.
Gen. (of price) tanti:
tanti, quanti poscit, vin' tanti illam emi?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 4, 22; cf.:
tanti est, quanti est fungus putidus,
it is worth as much as, is worth no more than, id. Bacch. 4, 7, 23:
frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:
ubi me dixero dare tanti,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 49:
graviter increpuit, tanti habitare censorem,
in so costly a house, Plin. 17, 1, 1, § 3. —
b.
Trop.: est tanti (alicui), to be worth so much; to be valued, prized, or esteemed so highly; to be of such consequence or importance:
tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20: tanti non fuit Arsacen capere, ut, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 1:
hoc tanti fuit vertere, ut, etc.,
Quint. 1, 6, 38: est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae tempestatem subire, dummodo a vobis hujus belli periculum depellatur, it is worth this price to me, i. e. I esteem it a light thing, Cic. Cat. 2, 7, 15; cf.:
sed est tanti (sc.: invidiam istam mihi impendere), dummodo,
id. ib. 1, 9, 22:
etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem, etc.,
id. Mil. 22, 58:
juratus tibi possum dicere, nihil esse tanti, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 13, 2:
cum dicturis tanti suae non sint (actiones),
Quint. 12, 8, 4:
sunt o! sunt jurgia tanti,
Ov. M. 2, 424 et saep.—
3.
Abl. (with comparatives) tantō, by so much, so much the:
quanto erat in dies gravior oppugnatio, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur,
Caes. B. G. 5, 45; cf.:
quantum opere processerant, tanto aberant ab aquā longius,
id. B. C. 1, 81:
tanto major vis, quanto recentior,
Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 133:
reperietis quinquies tanto amplius istum quam quantum, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 97, § 225:
tantone minoris decumae venierunt quam fuerunt?
id. ib. 2, 3, 45, § 106 et saep.: bis tanto amici sunt inter se quam prius, twice as much, twice as good, dis tosôi, Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 62:
bis tanto pluris,
id. Men. 4, 3, 6:
ter tanto pejor,
id. Pers. 1, 3, 73:
multo tanto miserior,
id. Rud. 2, 6, 37:
si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 89:
post tanto,
Verg. G. 3, 476; Curt. 6, 7, 26.— Rarely with verbs denoting comparison:
tanto praestitit ceteros imperatores, quan to populus Romanus antecedit fortitudine cunctas nationes,
Nep. Hann. 1, 1; Ov. M. 13, 368; cf.:
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut, etc.,
Nep. Epam. 2, 2.— Poet. with sup.:
tanto pessimus omnium poëta, Quanto tu optimus omnium patronus,
Cat. 49, 6.—
b.
In colloquial lang.: tanto melior! so much the better! well done! good! excellent! bravo! etc.: To. Omnes sycophantias instruxi et comparavi, quo pacto ab lenone auferam hoc argentum. Sa. Tanto melior! Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 24; cf. Sen. Ep. 31;
so too: tanto melior,
Plaut. Truc. 5, 61; Phaedr. 3, 5, 3:
tanto hercle melior,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 38:
tanto major! tanto augustior!
how great! how noble! Plin. Pan. 71, 4:
tanto nequior!
so much the worse! that is bad! Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 12; cf. Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 84; so,
tanto miserior,
id. Stich. 5, 5, 8.—
4.
In tantum, so far, so much, to such a degree, so greatly:
danti in tantum producenda notitia est muneris sui, in quantum delectatura est eum, cui datur,
Sen. Ben. 2, 23; Col. 12, 24, 1:
quaedam aquae fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24, 1: humum in tantum deprimere, donec altitudinis mensuram datam ceperit, Col. 3, 13, 9:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27.
II.
Since tantus conveys only the idea of relative greatness, it may also be used (with a foll. ut) to denote a small amount, degree, extent, etc.; hence, of such a quantity or quality, such, so small, so slight or trivial; in the neutr., so little, so few (rare but class.):
ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia tanta sunt, ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14; id. Fam. 1, 7, 4: si bellum tantum erit, ut vos aut successores sustinere possint, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3:
praesidii tantum est, ut ne murus quidem cingi possit,
Caes. B. G. 6, 35:
tantum navium,
id. B. C. 3, 2.—Hence, tantum, adv.
A.
So much, so greatly, to such a degree, so:
tantum, quantum quis fuge,
as quickly as possible, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 94:
de quo tantum, quantum me amas, velim cogites,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 1:
id tantum abest ab officio, ut, etc.,
so far, id. Off. 1, 14, 43:
rex tantum auctoritate ejus motus est, ut, etc.,
Nep. Con. 4, 1:
tantum progressus a castris, ut dimicaturum appareret,
Liv. 37, 39, 6:
tantumque ibi moratus, dum, etc.,
so long, id. 27, 42, 13:
tantum ad narrandum argumentum adest benignitas,
Plaut. Men. prol. 16:
ne miremini, quā ratione hic tantum apud istum libertus potuerit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 134:
nullo tantum se Mysia cultu Jactat,
Verg. G. 1, 102.—With adjj. (mostly poet.):
nec tantum dulcia, quantum Et liquida,
Verg. G. 4, 101:
juventus Non tantum Veneris quantum studiosa culinae,
Hor. S. 2, 5, 80:
tantum dissimilis,
id. ib. 2, 3, 313:
Marius quantum bello optimus, tantum pace pessimus,
Vell. 2, 11, 1.—
B.
(Acc. to tantus, II.; and therefore, prop., only so much, so little; hence) Only, alone, merely, but:
tantum monet, quantum intellegit,
only so much, Cic. Tusc. 2, 19, 44:
tantum in latitudinem patebat, quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat,
Caes. B. G. 2, 8:
quod haec tantum, quantum sensu movetur...se accommodat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:
Socratem tantum de vitā et de moribus solitum esse quaerere,
id. Rep. 1, 10, 16:
nomen tantum virtutis usurpas,
id. Par. 2, 17:
dixit tantum: nihil ostendit, nihil protulit,
id. Fl. 15, 34:
notus mihi nomine tantum,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 3:
apte dicere non elocutionis tantum genere constat, sed, etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 7; so,
non tantum... sed,
id. 9, 3, 28:
nec tantum... sed (etiam),
id. 3, 8, 33; 9, 3, 78; 11, 2, 5.—So with unus (mostly post-Aug.;
once in Cic.): excepit unum tantum: scire se nihil se scire, nihil amplius,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74:
unum flumen tantum intererat,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19:
unum defuisse tantum superbiae,
Liv. 6, 16, 5; 21, 50, 6; 34, 9, 5; Just. 8, 5, 5; Cels. 5, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 1; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120.—
b.
Strengthened by modo, and also joined with it in one word, tantummŏdo (freq. and class.;
whereas solummodo is only post-Aug., v. h. v.): homines populariter annum tantummodo solis, id est unius astri reditu metiuntur,
Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:
ut tantummodo per stirpes alantur suas,
id. N. D. 2, 32, 81:
cum tantummodo potestatem gustandi feceris,
id. Rep. 2, 28, 51:
omnis ea judicatio versatur tantummodo in nomine,
id. ib. 4, 6, 6:
pedites tantummodo umeris ac summo pectore exstare (ut possent),
Caes. B. C. 1, 62:
velis tantummodo,
you have only to wish it, Hor. S. 1, 9, 54:
unum hoc tantummodo, neque praeterea quicquam, etc.,
Suet. Tib. 11 et saep.:
neque eum oratorem tantummodo, sed hominem non putant,
Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 52:
neque e silvis tantummodo promota castra, sed etiam... in campos delata acies,
Liv. 9, 37, 2:
Cn. Scipionem misit non ad tuendos tantummodo veteres socios, sed etiam ad pellendum Hispaniā Hasdrubalem,
id. 21, 32, 4; so,
non tantummodo... sed etiam,
Sen. Polyb. 15, 3; id. Ot. Sap. 3, 5; 5, 4; Front. Ep. ad Verr. p. 124:
non tantummodo... sed... quoque,
Vell. 2, 110, 5:
non tantummodo... verum etiam,
Aug. Ep. 162, 1; id. Grat. Christ. 14: non... tantum, with ellips. of sed, not only (but much more), Ov. Am. 1, 4, 63; cf.:
rem atrocem nec tantum epistulā dignam,
Plin. Ep. 3, 14; Juv. 1, 131.—
2.
Particular phrases.
a.
Tantum non, analog. to the Gr. monon ouk, to [p. 1842] point out an action as only not, i. e. very nearly, completed, almost, all but, very nearly (perh. not ante-Aug.; in Cic. Att. 14, 5, 2, Baiter reads tantummodo):
cum agger promotus ad urbem vineaeque tantum non jam injunctae moenibus essent,
Liv. 5, 7, 2:
tantum non jam captam Lacedaemonem esse,
id. 34, 40, 5:
tantum non ad portam bellum esse,
id. 25, 15, 1:
videt Romanos tantum non jam circumveniri a dextro cornu,
id. 37, 29, 9:
cum hostes tantum non arcessierint,
id. 4, 2, 12 Drak.:
tantum non adversis tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit,
Suet. Tib. 11:
tantum non statim a funere,
id. ib. 52:
tantum non summam malorum suorum professus est,
id. ib. 66:
tantum non in ipso ejus consulatu,
id. Dom. 15 et saep.—But in many cases non belongs to the verb, and not to tantum:
tantum non cunctandum neque cessandum esse,
only there must be no delay, Liv. 35, 18, 8:
dictator bello ita gesto, ut tantum non defuisse fortunae videretur,
id. 4, 57, 8 Drak.; cf.:
ut qui per haec vicit, tantum non defuisse sibi advocatum sciat,
Quint. 6, 2, 4.—
b.
Tantum quod, denoting immediate nearness in point of time, only, just, but just, just then, hardly, scarcely (class.):
tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, cum mihi a te litterae redditae sunt,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1:
tantum quod ultimam imposuerat Pannonico bello Caesar manum, cum, etc.,
Vell. 2, 117, 1:
haec cum scriberem, tantum quod existimabam ad te orationem esse perlatam,
Cic. Att. 15, 13, 7:
navis Alexandrina, quae tantum quod appulerat,
Suet. Aug. 98:
natus est XVIII. Cal. Jan. tantum quod oriente sole,
id. Ner. 6:
tantum quod pueritiam egresso,
id. Aug. 63:
dentem tantum quod exemptum,
id. Vesp. 5 (but in Liv. 22, 2, 9; 33, 4, 6; Amm. 27, 5, 4, the quod belongs not to tantum, but to the following verb):
tantum alone = tantum quod,
Verg. E. 6, 16. —
c.
Tantum quod non, only that not, nothing is wanting but:
tantum quod hominem non nominat: causam quidem totam perscribit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 116.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tantus
5 fois

fois [fwa]

feminine noun

time

• une fois once

• deux fois twice

• trois fois three times

• une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé ! (aux enchères) going, going, gone!

• pour la toute première fois for the very first time

• cette fois-ci this time

• cette fois-là that time

• plusieurs fois several times

• bien des fois many times

• autant de fois que as often as

• y regarder à deux fois avant d'acheter qch to think twice before buying sth

• s'y prendre à deux fois pour faire qch to take two goes to do sth

• payer en plusieurs fois to pay in several instalments

• une fois tous les deux jours every second day

• trois fois par an three times a year

• neuf fois sur dix nine times out of ten

• quatre fois plus d'eau/de voitures four times as much water/as many cars

• quatre fois moins de voitures a quarter the number of cars

• 3 fois 5 3 times 5

• 3 fois 5 font 15 3 times 5 is 15

• il était une fois... once upon a time there was...

• pour une fois ! for once!

• en une fois in one go

• une fois pour toutes once and for all

• une fois qu'il sera parti once he has left (PROV) une fois n'est pas coutume just the once won't hurt

► des fois (inf) ( = parfois) sometimes

• non mais, des fois ! (scandalisé) do you mind!

• des fois que just in case► à la fois at the same time

• il était à la fois grand et gros he was both tall and fat

• faire deux choses à la fois to do two things at the same time

* * *
fwa
1.

nom féminin invariable time

une fois — once

deux fois — twice

trois fois — three times

deux ou trois fois — two or three times

deux fois et demie — two and a half times

quatre fois trois font douze — four times three is twelve

la plupart des fois — most of the time, more often than not

une (bonne) fois pour toutes — once and for all

il faudrait qu'il neige une bonne fois — what we need is one good fall of snow

une fois sur deux — half the time

une fois sur trois — every third time

deux fois sur cinq — two times out of five

toutes les fois que — every time (that)

ça va pour cette fois, mais ne recommencez pas! — it's all right this once but don't do it again!

comme (à) chaque fois — as usual

deux fois plus petit — half as big

deux fois plus cher — twice as expensive

deux fois moins lourd — half the weight

deux fois moins cher — half as expensive

par deux fois — twice

il vaut mieux le dire deux fois plutôt qu'une — it needs saying twice

c'est dix fois trop lourd! — it's far too heavy!

régler en trois fois — to pay in three instalments [BrE]

pour la énième fois — for the hundredth time

la première fois que je vous ai parlé — when I first talked to you

2.

à la fois locution

deux à la fois — two at a time

porter trois valises à la fois — to carry three suitcases at the same time

elle est à la fois intelligente et travailleuse — she's both clever and hardworking

pour des raisons à la fois culturelles, sociales et religieuses — for cultural, social and religious reasons

ne répondez pas tous à la fois! — lit, iron don't all answer at once! lit, iron

3.

des fois (colloq) locution ( parfois) sometimes

y a des fois où — there are times (colloq) when

tu n'as pas vu mon chien, des fois? — you wouldn't have seen my dog, by any chance?

des fois que — in case

non mais des fois! — ( indignation) well really!

••

il était or il y avait une fois — once upon a time there was

je t'ai déjà dit cent or trente-six fois de ne pas faire ça! — I've already told you a hundred ou a thousand times not to do that!

* * *
fwa nf
1) (en comptant) time

une fois — once

deux fois — twice

On peut le faire en une fois. — You can do it in one go.

Il a fallu le faire en deux fois. — It took two attempts to do it.

Il a fallu s'y reprendre à deux fois. — It took two goes to do it.

trois fois — three times

vingt fois — twenty times

Deux fois deux font quatre. — 2 times 2 is 4.

deux fois plus grand (que) — twice as big (as)

quatre fois plus grand (que) — four times as big (as)

deux fois plus de gens — twice as many people

dix fois plus de gens — ten times as many people

2) (= occasion)

la première fois — the first time

à chaque fois — every time, each time

À chaque fois que je vais à la bibliothèque, j'oublie ma carte. — Every time I go to the library, I forget my card.

une fois (dans le passé) — once, (dans le futur) sometime

il était une fois — once upon a time there was

une (bonne) fois pour toutes — once and for all

encore une fois — again, once more

une fois que... (= après que) — once...

Tu te sentiras mieux une fois que tu auras mangé. — You'll feel better once you've had something to eat.

une fois arrivé, il n'est plus reparti — once he'd got there he stayed on

des fois (= parfois) — sometimes

si des fois... — if ever...

non mais des fois! — look here!

à la fois (= ensemble) — at once

Je ne peux pas faire deux choses à la fois. — I can't do two things at once., (en corrélation avec "et") both

à la fois grand et beau — both tall and handsome

* * *

fois

A nf inv

1 ( avec numéral) une fois once; deux fois twice; trois/quatre/plusieurs fois three/four/several times; une/deux fois et demie one/two and a half times; quatre fois trois font douze four times three is twelve; une seule fois only once; je ne l'ai vue qu'une ou deux fois/que deux ou trois fois I only saw her once or twice/two or three times; une nouvelle fois, une fois de plus once again; une autre fois ( encore) once more; ( si ça se répète) next time; ( à un autre moment) another time; l'autre fois ( à la dernière occasion) last time; ( à la seconde occasion) the second time; d'autres fois at other times; bien des fois, maintes fois liter many times; la plupart des fois most of the time, more often than not; tant de fois so many times; autant de fois qu'il le faudra as many times as necessary; une (bonne) fois pour toutes once and for all; il faudrait qu'il neige une bonne fois what we need is one good fall of snow; une à deux fois par jour once or twice a day; deux fois par an twice a year; deux ou trois fois par mois two or three times a month; plus/moins de cinq fois par semaine more/less than five times a week; plus d'une fois more than once; une fois sur deux half the time, every other time; une fois sur trois every third time; deux/trois fois sur cinq two/three times out of five; neuf fois sur dix fig nine times out of ten; une fois tous les trois jours once every three days; pour une fois for once; tu l'as vexé, pour une fois qu'il était de bonne humeur you upset him when he was in a good mood for once; une fois encore once more; encore une fois, je ne suis pas d'accord once again, I don't agree; c'est la seule fois que it's the only time (that); la seule fois où je l'ai vu the only time we met; toutes les fois que every time (that); cette fois(-ci), je réussirai this time I'll succeed; cette fois(-là), ça n'a pas marché that time it didn't work; ça va pour cette fois, mais ne recommencez pas! it's all right this once but don't do it again!; chaque fois each ou every time; c'est à chaque fois la même chose! it's the same thing every time!; comme (à) chaque fois as usual; deux fois plus petit half as big, half the size; deux fois plus cher twice as expensive; deux fois moins lourd half the weight; deux fois moins cher half as expensive, half the price; par deux fois [frapper, tomber, essayer] twice; il vaut mieux le dire deux fois plutôt qu'une it needs saying twice; y regarder or réfléchir à deux fois avant de faire to think twice before doing; c'est dix fois trop lourd/cher! it's far too heavy/expensive!; c'est trois fois rien! it's nothing at all!; vous pouvez régler en trois/plusieurs fois you can pay in three/several instalments^GB;

2 ( avec ordinal) time; une deuxième fois a second time; je l'ai vue une première fois I saw her for the first time; une dernière fois one last time; (à) la première/deuxième fois the first/second time; la prochaine fois next time; c'est la dernière fois it's the last time; les deux premières/dernières fois the first/last two times; les premières fois c'est amusant the first few times it's fun; ce n'est pas la première fois que it's not the first time (that); pour la troisième fois de l'année for the third time this year; pour la énième fois for the hundredth time; la première/dernière fois que je vous ai parlé when I first/last talked to you; la dernière fois que je lui ai parlé ( jusqu'à ce jour) last time I spoke to him; ( avant sa mort) the last time I spoke to him; quand l'avez-vous vue pour la première fois? when did you first see her?, when was the first time you saw her?

B à la fois loc deux à la fois [prendre des objets, monter des marches] two at a time; porter trois valises à la fois to carry three suitcases at the same time; elle est à la fois intelligente et travailleuse she's both clever and hardworking; il veut toujours tout faire à la fois he always wants to do everything at the same time; pour des raisons à la fois culturelles, sociales et religieuses for cultural, social and religious reasons; ne répondez pas tous à la fois! lit, iron don't all answer at once! lit, iron; tout à la fois écrivain, metteur en scène et acteur (he's) a writer, director and actor all rolled into one.

C des fois○ loc ( parfois) sometimes; y a des fois où there are times○ when; tu n'as pas vu mon chien, des fois? you wouldn't have seen my dog, by any chance?; des fois que in case; je ne veux pas y aller, des fois qu'on rencontre mon patron! I don't want to go (there), in case we run into my boss!; non mais des fois! ( indignation) well really!

Idiomes

il était or il y avait une fois once upon a time there was; je t'ai déjà dit cent or trente-six fois de ne pas faire ça! I've already told you a hundred ou a thousand times not to do that!

I

: une fois nettoyé, il sera comme neuf once ou after it's been cleaned, it'll be as good as new

II

[fwa] nom féminin

1. [exprime la fréquence]

une fois once

deux fois twice

trois fois three times, thrice (littéraire)

payez en six fois pay in six instalments

une autre fois peut-être [pour refuser une invitation] some other ou another time maybe

neuf fois sur dix, quatre-vingt-dix-neuf fois sur cent nine times out of ten, ninety-nine times out of a hundred

par deux fois (littéraire) twice

pour la énième fois for the umpteenth time

pour une fois for once

une (bonne) fois pour toutes once and for all

cette fois, je gagnerai this time, I'll win

ça ira pour cette fois, mais ne recommencez pas it's alright this once, but don't do it again

(à) chaque fois que, toutes les fois que every ou each time

cent euros une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu! a hundred euros, going, going, gone!

une fois n'est pas coutume just the once won't hurt

il était une fois un roi once upon a time there was a king

2. [dans les comparaisons] time

c'est trois fois plus grand it's three times as big

il y a dix fois moins de spectateurs que l'année dernière there are ten times fewer spectators than last year

3. (comme distributif)

deux fois par mois twice a month

une fois par semaine once a week

trois fois par an, trois fois l'an three times a year

4. MATHÉMATIQUES times

15 fois 34 15 times 34

deux ou trois fois rien virtually nothing, hardly anything

ma maladie? trois fois rien my illness? it was nothing really

5. (locution)

une fois (suivi d'un participe passé) : une fois nettoyé, il sera comme neuf once ou after it's been cleaned, it'll be as good as new

tu n'as qu'à venir une fois ton travail terminé just come as soon as your work is finished

une fois que: une fois que tu auras compris, tout sera plus facile once you've understood, you'll find everything's easier

des fois (familier) [parfois] sometimes

non mais des fois! honestly!

tu n'aurais pas vu mon livre, des fois? you wouldn't happen to have seen my book anywhere, would you?

je préfère l'appeler, des fois qu'elle aurait oublié I'd rather call her in case she's forgotten

————————

à la fois locution adverbiale

together, at a time, at the same time

pas tous à la fois! one at a time!, not all at once!

(tout) à la fois locution adverbiale

both

il rit et pleure (tout) à la fois he's laughing and crying at (one and) the same time

elle est (tout) à la fois auteur et traductrice she's both an author and a translator

————————

une fois locution adverbiale

(Belgique) indeed

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > fois
6 път

1. road, way (и прен.), (пътека) path, track (и на комета, самолет), (шосе) highway

(на река линия на поведение) course

(маршрут) route, course

(място за преминаване) pas sage

воден/въздушен път water-/air-way

no воден/въздушен път by water/air

път по суша a land route

морски пътища sea lanes/routes

железен път railway, railroad

коларски път cart-road/-track

черен път a dirt road

междуселски път a country road/track, cart-track

отъпкан път a beaten track (и прен.)

царски път вж. царски

пътят е затворен road blocked

край пътя by the road (side)

без път across country

по пътя към/за on the road/way to

на път on the way, underway, en route

ако ти е на път if you are going that way

на път съм да be on the road to (c ger.), be about to (c inf.)

на път съм да оздравея be on the way to recovery

на път съм да постигна нещо be in a fair way to achieving s.th.

на път съм да открия нещо be on the brink of a discovery

пробивам си път make/force/fight/elbow o.'s way

правя път clear a path, ( за минаване) make way (за for)

правя/сторвам път на някого make way for s.o.; get out of s.o.'s way

проправям път clear a path

blaze a trail (и прен.)

давам път (на превозно средство) give the green light to

(една кола на друга) cede

давам път я на някого send s.o. packing, give the go-by to s.o., cashier s.o.

дават ми пътя get the order of the boot

искам пътавт. signal left/right/straight

откривам пътя за прен. pave the way for; open the door to

стоя на пътя на някого (преча) be/stand in s.o.'s way

минавам пътя на някого cross s.o.'s track

минавам половината път go half way, cover half the distance

загубвам пътя lose o.'s way

отклонявам от пътя lead astray (и прен.)

отклонявам се от пътя go astray (и прен.)

на прав/крив път вж. прав, крив

тръгвам по лоши пътища get into bad ways, go to the bad

тръгвам по нов път make a fresh start, turn over a new leaf

вкарвам някого в пътя bring/force s.o. into line, bring s.o. to his senses

влизам в пътя fall into line, come to o.'s senses

вървя/карам в правия път live honestly, follow the law

няма лесен път към there is no royal път road to

пътят е чист the road is clear

прен. the coast is clear

житейски път, пътят на живота the course of life

той не знае какъв път да избере he doesn't know what course to take

тя върви по твоя път she's treading your path, she's following your example, she's following in your footsteps

пътищата ни се разделят our ways part

бия път вж. бия

поемам/хващам път я за set off to, set out for

преграждам пътя на bar s.o.'s way

2. (пътуване) journey, (no вода) voyage

(цена на пътуване) fare, (no море) passage, (no въздуха) flight

далечен път a long journey

тръгвам на път set out. set forth, set out on a journey

храна за път food for the journey

(на) добър път ! have-a pleasant journey! bon voyage! на три дни път оттук it's a three day's Journey from here

дотам има доста път it's quite a long way from here

дотам има 20 минути път it's a. (good) twenty minutes' walk

колко път има. до? how far is it to?

не издържам много на път I'm not much of a walker

3. (средство) way, means

(източник на новини и пр.) channel, source

no какви пътища? in what way? by what means?

no околен път in a roundabout way, indirectly

околни/тайни пътища devious means

по легален път legally, in a legal way

те получават новини по свои пътища they receive news through channels of their own, they have their own sources of information

по свой път in o.'s own way, independently

4. (на коса) parting

ам. part

5. time

един път once

два пъти twice

три пъти thrice, three times

за първи/втори и пр. път for the first/second, etc. lime

следващият път next time

много/често пъти many times, many a time; time after time, time and again

още един път once again; once more

за последен път for the last time

един път на ден once a day

колкото пъти, всеки път every/each time

всеки път, когато whenever

някой път sometime

no някой път sometimes, occasionally

някой друг път some other time, another time

ни един път not once, never

не един път more than once, time and again

на един път at a time

(изведнаж) at one go

no две на един път two at a time

едвн път завинаги once and for all

два пъти по три правят шест two times three makes/is six

за кой ли път ти казвам? how many times have I told you? if I've told you once, I've told you a hundred times

ще ти простя този път I'll forgive you this once

* * *

път,

м., -ища, (два) пъ̀тя 1. road, way (и прен.); ( пътека) path, track (и на комета, самолет); ( шосе) highway; (на река; линия на поведение) course; ( маршрут) route, course; ( място за преминаване) passage; ако ти е на \път if you are going that way; вкарвам някого в \пътя bring/force s.o. into line, bring s.o. to his senses; влизам в правия \път go straight; влизам в \пътя fall into line, come to o.’s senses; временен извозен \път миньорск. trainroad; давам \път (на превозно средство) give the green light to; ( една кола на друга) cede; давам \пътя на някого send s.o. packing, give the go-by to s.o., cashier s.o.; дават ми \пътя get the order of the boot; житейски \път, \пътят на живота the course of life; край \пътя by the road (side); междуселски \път country road/track, cart-track; минавам половината \път go half way, cover half the distance; минавам \пътя на някого cross s.o.’s track; морски пътища sea lanes/routes; на прав \път съм be on the right track; на \път on the way, underway, en route; на \път съм да be on the road to (с ger.), be about to (с inf.); на \път съм да открия нещо be on the brink of a discovery; на \път съм да получа/постигна ( нещо) be in the frame for; няма лесен \път към there is no royal road to; отклонявам от \пътя lead astray (и прен.); откривам \пътя за прен. pave the way for; open the door to; open the gate for; отъпкан \път beaten track (и прен.); по воден/въздушен \път by water/air; по \пътя към/за on the road/way to; поемам/хващам \пътя за set off to, set out for; правя \път clear a path, (за минаване) make way (за for); проправям \път blaze a trail (и прен.); \пътищата ни се разделят our ways part; стоя на \пътя на някого ( преча) be/stand in s.o.’s way; тръгвам по лоши \пътища get into bad ways, go to the bad; тръгвам по нов \път make a fresh start, turn over a new leaf; тя върви по твоя \път she’s treading your path, she’s following your example, she’s following in your footsteps; черен \път dirt road;

2. ( пътуване) journey, (по вода) voyage; (по море) passage, (по въздуха) flight; далечен \път long journey; (на) добър \път! have a pleasant journey! bon voyage! дотам има 10 минути \път it’s a (good) ten minutes’ walk; дотам има доста \път it’s quite a long way from here; колко \път има до? how far is it to? на три дни \път от тук it’s a three day’s journey from here; не издържам много на \път I’m not much of a walker; тръгвам на \път set out, set forth, set out on a journey;

3. ( средство) way, means; ( източник на новини и пр.) source; по какви \пътища? in what way? by what means? по легален \път legally, in a legal way; по околен \път in a roundabout way, indirectly; по свой \път in o.’s own way, independently;

4. (на коса) parting; амер. part; \път отстрани parting on one side; реша се на \път part o.’s hair; • върви си по \пътя mind your own business; Млечният \път астр. the Milky Way, the Galaxy; намирам се на \път и под \път be as common as blackberries; be a dime a dozen; не съм го намерил на \пътя it’s too precious; прав ти \път good riddance.

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м., -и, (два) пъ̀ти time; всеки \път, когато whenever; два \пъти twice; два \пъти по-добър от twice as good as; два \пъти по три правят шест two times three makes/is six; един \път once; един \път завинаги once and for all; един \път на ден once a day; за кой ли \път ти казвам? how many times have I told you? колкото \пъти, всеки \път every/each time; много/често \пъти many times, many a time; time after time, time and again; на един \път at a time; ( изведнъж) at one go; не един \път more than once; ни един \път not once, never; някой друг \път some other time, another time; някой \път sometime; от първия \път first go; още един \път once again; once more; по две на един \път two at a time; по някой \път sometimes, occasionally; три \пъти thrice, three tames.

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way (и прен.): There is no път back. - Няма път назад., air-път - въздушен път, I met him on my път home. - Срещнах го по пътя за вкъщи., make път - освобождавам път, Get out of my път! - Махни се от пътя ми!, He forced his път through the crowd. - Той си проби път през тълпата., I lost my път. - Загубих пътя., My school is a long път from home. - Училището ми е на доста път от къщи., the Milky път - Млечният път; road: a main път - главен път, a dirt път - черен път; track: a beaten път - утъпкан път; drive (автомобилен); route (маршрут); itinerary; part (на косата); pass; passage; trail{`treil}; water-way (воден): път of life - житейски път; (повторение): time: three пътs - три пъти, I have been here many пътs. - Бил съм тук много пъти., every път - всеки път, This път I will beat him. - Този път ще го победя., I will join you some other път. - Ще дойда с тебе някой друг път., at a път - на един път; once (един път); twice (два пъти)

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1. (една кола на друга) cede 2. (изведнаж) at one go 3. (източник на новини и пр.) channel, source 4. (маршрут) route, course 5. (място за преминаване) pas sage 6. (на коса) parting 7. (на река 8. (на) добър ПЪТ !have-a pleasant journey! bon voyage! на три дни ПЪТ оттук it's a three day's Journey from here 9. (пътуване) journey, (no вода) voyage 10. (средство) way, means 11. (цена на пътуване) fare, (no море) passage, (no въздуха) flight 12. 1 road, way (и прен.), (пътека) path, track (и на комета, самолет), (шосе) highway 13. 3 минути ПЪТ it's a. (good) twenty minutes' walk 14. 6 time 15. blaze a trail (u прен.) 16. no воден/въздушен ПЪТ by water/ air 17. no две на един ПЪТ two at a time 18. no какви ПЪТища? in what way?by what means? 19. no някой ПЪТ sometimes, occasionally 20. no околен ПЪТ in a roundabout way, indirectly 21. ПЪТ no суша a land route 22. ПЪТищата ни се разделят our ways part 23. ПЪТят е затворен road blocked 24. ПЪТят е чист the road is clear 25. ако ти е на ПЪТ if you are going that way 26. ам. part 27. без ПЪТ across country 28. бия ПЪТ вж. бия 29. вкарвам някого в ПЪТя bring/force s.o. into line, bring s.o. to his senses 30. влизам в ПЪТя fall into line, come to o.'s senses 31. воден/въздушен ПЪТ water-/ air-way 32. всеки ПЪТ, когато whenever 33. вървя/карам в правия ПЪТ live honestly, follow the law 34. давам ПЪТ (на превозно средство) give the green light to 35. давам ПЪТ я на някого send s. o. packing, give the go-by to s. o., cashier s. о. 36. дават ми ПЪТя get the order of the boot 37. далечен ПЪТ a long journey 38. два ПЪТи twice 39. два ПЪТи по три правят шест two times three makes/is six 40. дотам има 41. дотам има доста ПЪТ it's quite a long way from here 42. едвн ПЪТ завинаги once and for all 43. един ПЪТ на ден once a day 44. един ПЪТ оncе 45. железен ПЪТ railway, railroad 46. житейски ПЪТ, ПЪТят на живота the course of life 47. за кой ли ПЪТ ти казвам? how many times have I told you?if I've told you once, I've told you a hundred times 48. за последен ПЪТ for the last time 49. за първи/втори и пр. ПЪТfor the first/second, etc. lime 50. загубвам ПЪТя lose o.'s way 51. искам ПЪТавт. signal left/right/straight 52. коларски ПЪТ cart-road/-track 53. колко ПЪТ има. до? how far is it to? 54. колкото ПЪТи, всеки ПЪТ every/ each time 55. край ПЪТя by the road (side) 56. линия на поведение) course 57. междуселски ПЪТ a country road/ track, cart-track 58. минавам ПЪТя на някого cross s.o.'s track 59. минавам половината ПЪТ go half way, cover half the distance 60. много/често пъти many times, many a time;time after time, time and again 61. морски пътища sea lanes/routes 62. на ПЪТ on the way, underway, en route 63. на ПЪТ съм да be on the road to (c ger.), be about to (c inf.) 64. на ПЪТ съм да оздравея be on the way to recovery 65. на ПЪТ съм да открия нещо be on the brink of a discovery 66. на ПЪТ съм да постигна нещо be in a fair way to achieving s.th. 67. на един ПЪТ at a time 68. на прав/крив ПЪТ вж. прав, крив 69. не един ПЪТ more than once, time and again 70. не издържам много наПЪТ I'm not much of a walker 71. ни един ПЪТ not once, never 72. някой друг ПЪТ some other time, another time 73. някойПЪТ sometime 74. няма лесен ПЪТ към there is no royalПЪТ road to 75. околни/тайни ПЪТища devious means 76. отклонявам от ПЪТя lead astray (u прен.) 77. отклонявам се от ПЪТя go astray (u прен.) 78. откривам ПЪТя за прен. pave the way for;open the door to 79. отъпкан ПЪТ a beaten track (и прен.) 80. още един ПЪТ once again;once more 81. пo ПЪТя към/ за on the road/way to 82. пo легален ПЪТ legally, in a legal way 83. пo свой ПЪТ in o.'s own way, independently 84. поемам/хващамПЪТ я за set off to, set out for 85. правя ПЪТ clear a path, (за минаване) make way (за for) 86. правя/сторвам ПЪТ на някого make way for s.o.;get out of s.o.'s way 87. преграждам ПЪТя на bar s.o.'s way 88. прен. the coast is clear 89. пробивам си ПЪТ make/force/fight/elbow o.'s way 90. проправям ПЪТ clear a path 91. реша се 92. следващият ПЪТ next time 93. стоя на ПЪТя на някого (преча) be/stand in s.o.'s way 94. те получават новини no свои ПЪТища they receive news through channels of their own, they have their own sources of information 95. той не знае какъв ПЪТ да избере he doesn't know what course to take 96. три ПЪТи thrice, three times 97. тръгвам на ПЪТ set out. set forth, set out on a journey 98. тръгвам по лоши ПЪТища get into bad ways, go to the bad 99. тръгвам по нов ПЪТ make a fresh start, turn over a new leaf 100. тя върви пo твоя ПЪТ she's treading your path, she's following your example, she's following in your footsteps 101. храна за ПЪТfood for the йourney 102. царски ПЪТ вж. царски 103. черен ПЪТ a dirt road 104. ще ти простя този ПЪТ I'll forgive you this once

Български-английски речник > път
7 davon

Adv.

1. räumlich, Herkunft: from it ( oder them), from there; (weg) away; nicht weit davon ( entfernt) sein be not far (away) from; fig. not a million miles away from; ich bin weit davon entfernt, das zu glauben fig. the last thing I’m going to do is believe that; ich muss das Hemd wechseln, es sind zwei Knöpfe davon abgegangen two buttons have come off it; auf II 6

2. Teil: of it ( oder them); trink nicht davon don’t drink from that; etwas davon wegnehmen take something away from it; Zinsen davon abziehen deduct interest from it; ich habe zehn Euro davon ausgegeben I’ve spent ten euros of it; sie hatten vier Kinder, zwei davon sind schon tot they had four children, two of whom are already dead

3. Ursache etc., mit Passiv: by it; davon sterben die from ( oder of) it; müde davon tired from it; davon krank / gesund werden become ill / well through it; davon wurde er wach he was awakened by it; davon wird man müde it makes you tired; davon kannst du etwas lernen you can learn (something) from that; das kommt davon, dass du so faul bist oder wenn man so faul ist that’s what comes of being so lazy; das kommt davon! what did you expect?; ich hatte nichts als Ärger davon I had nothing but trouble with ( oder from) it; was habe 'ich davon? what do I get out of it?; was 'habe ich davon? why should I?; was hast du eigentlich davon, wenn du so gemein bist? what do you get out of being so nasty?; das hast du nun davon! umg. that’s what comes of it!; mit Schadenfreude: serves you right

4. Thema: (darüber) about it, of it; genug davon! enough of that!, Am. auch enough already!; weiß sie schon davon? does she know (about it) already?; ich will nichts davon hören! I don’t want to hear a word about it ( oder on the subject)!; was hältst du davon, wenn wir jetzt ins Kino gehen? what would you say to a trip to the cinema (Am. movies) now?

5. Material: out of, from; sie hat sich davon Schuhe gemacht she made shoes from it

6. Grundlage: davon leben live off it; er lebt davon, Hunde zu züchten he makes his living (from) breeding dogs

7. fig.: es hängt davon ab, ob it depends (on) whether; abgesehen davon leaving that aside, ignoring that; davon geheilt sein be cured of it; sich davon unterscheiden differ from; etc.; vgl. auch die mit davon verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben

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(Anteil) thereof (Pron.); of it (Pron.);

(Herkunft) therefrom (Adv.); from there (Adv.); away (Adv.)

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da|vọn [da'fɔn] (emph) ['daːfɔn]
adv

1) (räumlich) from there; (wenn Bezugsobjekt vorher erwähnt) from it/them; (mit Entfernungsangabe) away (from there/it/them)

weg davon! (inf) — get away from there/it/them

davon zweigt ein Weg ab — a path branches off it

See:

→ auf

2) (fig)

(in Verbindung mit n, vb siehe auch dort) es unterscheidet sich davon nur in der Länge — it only differs from it in the length

nein, weit davon entfernt! — no, far from it!

ich bin weit davon entfernt, Ihnen Vorwürfe machen zu wollen — the last thing I want to do is reproach you

wenn wir einmal davon absehen, dass... — if for once we overlook the fact that...

wir möchten in diesem Fall davon absehen, Ihnen den Betrag zu berechnen — in this case we shall not invoice you

in ihren Berechnungen sind sie davon ausgegangen, dass... — they made their calculations on the basis that...

3) (fig = dadurch) leben, abhängen on that/it/them; sterben of that/it; krank/braun werden from that/it/them

... und davon kommt das hohe Fieber —... and that's where the high temperature comes from,... and the high temperature comes from that

das kommt davon! — that's what you get

... und davon hängt es ab — and it depends on that

das hängt davon ab, ob... — that depends on whether...

davon hat man nur Ärger — you get nothing but trouble with it

davon wird man müde — that makes you tired

gib ihr ein bisschen mehr, davon kann sie doch nicht satt werden — give her a bit more, that won't fill her up

davon stirbst du nicht — it won't kill you

was habe ICH denn davon? — what do I get out of it?

was HABE ich denn davon? — why should I?

was hast du denn davon, dass du so schuftest? — what do you get out of slaving away like that?

4) (mit Passiv) by that/it/them

davon betroffen werden or sein — to be affected by that/it/them

5) (Anteil, Ausgangsstoff) of that/it/them

davon essen/trinken/nehmen — to eat/drink/take some of that/it/them

nehmen Sie doch noch etwas davon! — do have some more!

die Hälfte davon — half of that/it/them

das Doppelte davon — twice or double that

zwei/ein Viertelpfund davon, bitte! — would you give me two of those/a quarter of a pound of that/those, please

er hat drei Schwestern, davon sind zwei älter als er —

früher war er sehr reich, aber nach dem Krieg ist ihm nichts davon geblieben — he used to be very rich but after the war nothing was left of his earlier wealth

6) (= darüber) hören, wissen, sprechen about that/it/them; verstehen, halten of that/it/them

genug davon! — enough of this!

ich habe keine Ahnung davon — I've no idea about that/it

nichts mehr davon! — no more of that!

nichts davon halten — not to think much of it

ich halte viel davon — I think it is quite good

was wissen Sie davon! — what do you know about it anyway?

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da·von

[daˈfɔn]

adv

1. (räumlich: von dieser Person) from him/her; (von dieser Sache, diesem Ort) from it; (von diesen Personen, Sachen) from them; (von dort) from there

links/rechts \davon to the left/right

das vorne auf dem Foto ist mein Bruder, das links \davon meine Schwester the person at the front of the photo is my brother, the one on the left my sister

[links/rechts] \davon abgehen [o abzweigen] to branch off [to the right/left]

einige Meter \davon entfernt [o weg] a few metres away

wir konnten die Sänger kaum sehen, weil wir einhundert Meter \davon entfernt standen we could hardly see the singers as we were standing one hundred metres away [from them]

in der Nähe \davon nearby

du weißt doch wo der Bahnhof ist? die Schule ist nicht weit \davon [entfernt] you know where the station is? the school is not far from there

der Bahnhof liegt in der Stadtmitte, und die Schule nicht weit \davon the station is in the town centre and the school is not far from it

zu weit \davon entfernt sein to be too far away

du bist zu weit \davon entfernt, um es deutlich zu sehen you're too far away to see it clearly

er will erwachsen sein? er ist noch weit \davon entfernt! he thinks he's grown up? he's got far [or a long way it] to go yet!

2. (von dieser Sache weg) from [or off] that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) from [or off] it/them

meine Hände sind voller Farbe, und ich kriege sie einfach nicht \davon ab! my hands are full of paint and I can't get it off!

das Kleid war/die Ohrringe waren so schön, dass ich die Augen kaum \davon abwenden konnte the dress was/the earrings were so wonderful I could hardly take my eyes of it/them

etw \davon abwischen to wipe sth off

etw \davon lösen/trennen to loosen/separate sth from that/it/them

3. (von dieser Sache ausgehend) from that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) from it/them

etw \davon ableiten to derive sth from that/it/them

ich finde seine Theorien fragwürdig und würde meine These nicht davon \davon I think his theories are questionable and I wouldn't derive my thesis from them

4. (hinsichtlich dieser Sache) from that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) from it/them

hast du die Bücher gelesen? was hältst du \davon? have your read the books? what do you think of them?

sie unterscheiden sich \davon nur in diesem kleinen Detail they differ from that only in this small detail

\davon betroffen sein to be affected by it/that

sich akk \davon erholen to recover from that/it/them

das Gegenteil \davon the opposite of that/it/them

jdn \davon heilen to heal sb of that/it

5. (darüber) about that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) about it/them

\davon verstehe ich gar nichts! I know nothing about that/it!

\davon weiß ich nichts I don't know anything about that/it

genug \davon! enough [of that]!

kein Wort mehr \davon! not another word!

was weißt du denn schon \davon! what do you know about it anyway?

was weißt du \davon? what do you know about that/it?

\davon war nie die Rede! that was never mentioned!

ein andermal mehr \davon, ich muss jetzt los I'll tell you more later, I have to go now

keine Ahnung \davon haben to have no idea about that/it

\davon hören/sprechen/wissen to hear/speak/know of that/it/them

6. (dadurch)

beschwer dich nicht, das kommt \davon! don't complain, you've only got yourself to blame!

ach, \davon kommt der seltsame Geruch! that's where the strange smell comes from!

man wird \davon müde, wenn man zu viel Bier trinkt drinking too much beer makes you tired

es ist nur eine Prellung, \davon stirbst du nicht! (fam) it's only a bruise, it won't kill you! fam

wird man \davon krank? does that make you ill?

werde ich \davon wieder gesund? will that cure me?

entschuldige den Lärm. bist du \davon aufgewacht? sorry for the noise. did it wake you?

für mich bitte keine Sahne. \davon wird mir immer schlecht no cream for me, please. it makes me sick

trink nicht so viel Bier! \davon wird man dick don't drink so much beer! it makes you fat

\davon werde ich nicht satt that won't fill me

soll sie doch das Geld behalten, ich hab nichts \davon! let her keep the money, it's no use to me!

das hast du nun \davon, jetzt ist er böse! now you've [gone and] done it, now he's angry!

was habe ich denn \davon? what do I get out of it?, what's in it for me?

was hast du denn [o hast du etwas] \davon, dass du so schuftest? nichts! what do you get [or do you get something] out of working so hard? nothing!

was hast du \davon, wenn du gewinnst? what do you get out of winning?

\davon haben wir nichts we won't get anything [or we get nothing] out of it

7. (mittels dieser Sache) on that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) on it/them

sich akk \davon ernähren to subsist on that/it/them

\davon leben to live on [or off] that/it/them

8. (daraus) from that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) from it/them

wenn noch etwas Vorhangsstoff übrig ist, kann ich \davon noch ein paar Kissen nähen if there's some curtain material left, I can make a few cushions from it

9. (von dieser Menge) [some] of that; (von ihm/ihr/ihnen) [some] of it/them

es ist genügend Eis da, nimm nur \davon! there's enough ice-cream, please take [or have] some [of it]

ist das Stück Wurst so recht, oder möchten Sie mehr \davon? will this piece of sausage be enough, or would you like [some] more [of it]?

wie viel Äpfel dürfen es sein? — 6 Stück \davon, bitte! how many apples would you like? — six, please!

das Doppelte/Dreifache \davon twice/three times as much

\davon essen/trinken to eat/drink [some] of that/it/them

die Milch ist schlecht, ich hoffe, du hast nicht \davon getrunken the milk is sour, I hope you didn't drink any [of it]

die Hälfte/ein Pfund/ein Teil \davon half/a pound/a part of that/it/them

10. mit bestimmten vb, subst

das war ein faszinierender Gedanke, und ich kam einfach nicht mehr \davon los it was a fascinating thought and I couldn't get it out of my mind

ich kenne die Kinder, aber die Eltern \davon habe ich noch nie getroffen I know the children, but I haven't met their parents

überleg dir deine Entscheidung gut, für uns hängt viel \davon ab consider your decision well, a lot depends on it for us

es hängt \davon ab, ob/dass... it depends on whether...

das hängt ganz davon ab! depends!

\davon absehen, etw zu tun to refrain from doing sth

\davon ausgehen, dass... to presume that...

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Adverb

1) from it/them; (von dort) from there; (mit Entfernungsangabe) away [from it/them]

wir sind noch weit davon entfernt — (fig.) we are still a long way from that

2)

dies ist die Hauptstraße, und davon zweigen einige Nebenstraßen ab — this is the main road and a few side roads branch off it

3) (darüber) about it/them

4) (dadurch) by it/them; thereby

davon wirst du krank — it will make you ill

davon kriegt man Durchfall — you get diarrhoea from [eating] that/those

das kommt davon! — (ugs.) [there you are,] that's what happens

5)

das Gegenteil davon ist wahr — the opposite [of this] is true

geben Sie mir vier davon — give me four of them

6) (aus diesem Material, auf dieser Grundlage) from or out of it/them

davon kann man nicht leben — you can't live on that

* * *

davon adv

1. räumlich, Herkunft: from it ( oder them), from there; (weg) away;

nicht weit davon (entfernt) sein be not far (away) from; fig not a million miles away from;

ich bin weit davon entfernt, das zu glauben fig the last thing I’m going to do is believe that; ich muss das Hemd wechseln,

es sind zwei Knöpfe davon abgegangen two buttons have come off it; → auf B 6

2. Teil: of it ( oder them);

trink nicht davon don’t drink from that;

etwas davon wegnehmen take something away from it;

Zinsen davon abziehen deduct interest from it;

ich habe zehn Euro davon ausgegeben I’ve spent ten euros of it;

sie hatten vier Kinder, zwei davon sind schon tot they had four children, two of whom are already dead

3. Ursache etc, mit Passiv: by it;

davon sterben die from ( oder of) it;

müde davon tired from it;

davon krank/gesund werden become ill/well through it;

davon wurde er wach he was awakened by it;

davon wird man müde it makes you tired;

davon kannst du etwas lernen you can learn (something) from that;

das kommt davon, dass du so faul bist oder

wenn man so faul ist that’s what comes of being so lazy;

das kommt davon! what did you expect?;

ich hatte nichts als Ärger davon I had nothing but trouble with ( oder from) it;

was habe 'ich davon? what do I get out of it?;

was 'habe ich davon? why should I?;

was hast du eigentlich davon, wenn du so gemein bist? what do you get out of being so nasty?;

das hast du nun davon! umg that’s what comes of it!; mit Schadenfreude: serves you right

4. Thema: (darüber) about it, of it;

genug davon! enough of that!, US auch enough already!;

weiß sie schon davon? does she know (about it) already?;

ich will nichts davon hören! I don’t want to hear a word about it ( oder on the subject)!;

was hältst du davon, wenn wir jetzt ins Kino gehen? what would you say to a trip to the cinema (US movies) now?

5. Material: out of, from;

sie hat sich davon Schuhe gemacht she made shoes from it

6. Grundlage:

davon leben live off it;

er lebt davon, Hunde zu züchten he makes his living (from) breeding dogs

7. fig:

es hängt davon ab, ob it depends (on) whether;

abgesehen davon leaving that aside, ignoring that;

davon geheilt sein be cured of it;

sich davon unterscheiden differ from; etc; → auch die mit davon verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben

* * *

Adverb

1) from it/them; (von dort) from there; (mit Entfernungsangabe) away [from it/them]

wir sind noch weit davon entfernt — (fig.) we are still a long way from that

2)

dies ist die Hauptstraße, und davon zweigen einige Nebenstraßen ab — this is the main road and a few side roads branch off it

3) (darüber) about it/them

4) (dadurch) by it/them; thereby

davon wirst du krank — it will make you ill

davon kriegt man Durchfall — you get diarrhoea from [eating] that/those

das kommt davon! — (ugs.) [there you are,] that's what happens

5)

das Gegenteil davon ist wahr — the opposite [of this] is true

geben Sie mir vier davon — give me four of them

6) (aus diesem Material, auf dieser Grundlage) from or out of it/them

davon kann man nicht leben — you can't live on that

* * *

adv.

therefrom adv.

thereof adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > davon
8 menos

adj.

1 less.

menos aire less air

menos manzanas fewer apples

menos… que… less/fewer… than…

tiene menos experiencia que tú she has less experience than you

hace menos calor que ayer it's not as hot as it was yesterday

hay dos libros de menos there are two books missing

me han dado 10 euros de menos they've given me 10 euros too little

2 the least.

el que compró menos acciones the one who bought the fewest shares

lo que menos tiempo llevó the thing that took the least time

la que menos nota sacó en el examen the girl who did (the) worst o got the worst marks in the exam

3 fewer.

adv.

1 less.

menos de/que less than

son menos de las diez it's not quite ten o'clock yet

2 minus (expresa resta).

tres menos dos igual a uno three minus two is one

3 to (con las horas). (peninsular Spanish, River Plate)

son las dos menos diez it's ten to two

son menos diez it's ten to

4 under.

prep.

1 except (for) (excepto).

todo menos eso anything but that

2 minus, less.

m. s.&pl.

minus (sign) (Mat).

* * *

menos

► adjetivo

1 (comparativo - en cantidad) less; (- en número) fewer

■ hoy hay menos gente there are fewer people today

■ viajar en tren cuesta menos dinero going by train costs less money

■ hay menos mesas que en el otro restaurante there are fewer tables than in the other restaurant

■ yo tengo menos años que tú I'm younger than you

2 (superlativo - de cantidad) least; (- de número) fewest

■ yo soy la que menos culpa tiene I'm the least guilty

► adverbio

1 (comparativo - de cantidad) less; (- de número) fewer

■ voy al gimnasio menos que antes I go to the gym less than before

■ vinieron menos de viente personas fewer than twenty people came

■ deberías ir menos deprisa you shouldn't go so fast

■ hay que conducir a menos de 100km/h one cannot drive over 100 km/h

2 (superlativo) least

■ es el menos guapo de toda la familia he's the least good-looking member of the family

3 (con horas) to

■ las tres menos cuarto a quarter to three

4 MATEMÁTICAS minus

■ cuatro menos dos, dos four minus two is two

► preposición

1 but, except

■ todo menos eso anything but that

■ todos fueron al cine menos Alberto everyone went to the cinema except Alberto

► pronombre

1 (cantidad) less; (número) fewer

■ me pagó menos he paid me less

■ esperaban a más de mil personas pero vinieron menos they were expecting over a thousand people but fewer came

► nombre masculino

1 MATEMÁTICAS minus sign

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a menos que unless

al menos / a lo menos at least

aún menos much less

cada vez menos less and less

dar (dinero) de menos to short-change

en menos de nada in no time at all

eso es lo de menos that's the least of my worries

ir a menos to go down in the world

lo menos at least

■ lo menos que puedes hacer the least you can do

menos da una piedra something's better than nothing

¡menos mal! thank God!

¡ni mucho menos! far from it!

no ser para menos to be no wonder

para no ser menos so as not to be outdone

por lo menos at least

por menos de nada for no reason at all

qué menos que...... is the least somebody could do/could have done

si al menos... if only...

venirse a menos to come down in the world

¡ya será menos! come off it!

* * *
1. noun m.
minus sign
2. adj.
1) less, least

2) fewer, fewest
3. adv.
1) less

2) least

•

- a menos que
- por lo menos 4. prep.
1) except

2) minus
5. pron.
less, fewer

* * *

1. ADV

1) [comparativo] less

ahora salgo menos — I go out less these days

últimamente nos vemos menos — we've been seeing less of each other recently

me gusta cada vez menos — I like it less and less

una película menos conocida — a less well-known film

Juan está menos deprimido — Juan is less depressed

es menos difícil de lo que parece — it's less difficult than it seems

• menos aún — even less

este me gusta menos aún — I like this one even less

• menos de — [con sustantivos incontables, medidas, dinero, tiempo] less than; [con sustantivos contables] fewer than

está a menos de tres horas en tren — it's less than three hours away by train

llegamos en menos de diez minutos — we got there in less than o in under ten minutes

menos de lo que piensas — less than you think

tiene menos de dieciocho años — he's under eighteen

menos de 50 cajas — fewer than 50 boxes

• en menos de nada — in no time at all

por menos de nada — for no reason at all

• menos que — less than

me gusta menos que el otro — I like it less than the other one

trabaja menos que yo — he doesn't work as hard as I do

este es menos caro que aquel — this one is less expensive than that one

lo hizo menos cuidadosamente que ayer — he did it less carefully than yesterday

2) [superlativo] least

su película menos innovadora — his least innovative film

es el menos inteligente de los cuatro — he is the least intelligent of the four

el chico menos desobediente de la clase — the least disobedient boy in the class

es el que habla menos — he's the one who talks (the) least

fue el que trabajó menos — he was the one who did the least work

3)

• al menos — at least

hay al menos cien personas — there are at least a hundred people

si al menos lloviera — if only it would rain

• de menos, hay siete de menos — we're seven short, there are seven missing

me dieron un paquete con medio kilo de menos — they gave me a packet which was half a kilo short o under weight

me han pagado dos libras de menos — they have underpaid me by two pounds

darse de menos — to underestimate o.s.

hacer a algn de menos — to put sb down

• echar de menos a algn — to miss sb

• ir a menos — to come down in the world

• lo menos diez — at least ten

lo menos posible — as little as possible

es lo menos que se puede esperar — it's the least one can expect

• eso es lo de menos — that's the least of it

• ¡menos mal! — thank goodness!

¡menos mal que habéis venido! — thank goodness you've come!

• era nada menos que un rey — he was a king, no less

• no es para menos — quite right too

• por lo menos — at least

• ¡ qué menos!, -le di un euro de propina -¡qué menos! — "I tipped her a euro" - "that was the least you could do!"

¿qué menos que darle las gracias? — the least we can do is say thanks!

• quedarse en menos, no se quedó en menos — he was not to be outdone

• tener a menos hacer algo — to consider it beneath o.s. to do sth

• venir a menos — to come down in the world

• y menos, no quiero verle y menos visitarle — I don't want to see him, let alone visit him

• ¡ ya será menos! — come off it!
cuando 2., 2), poder
2. ADJ

1) [comparativo] [con sustantivos incontables, medidas, dinero, tiempo] less; [con sustantivos contables] fewer

menos harina — less flour

menos gatos — fewer cats

aquí hay menos gente — there are fewer people here

• menos... que, A tiene menos ventajas que B — A has fewer advantages than B

Ana tiene menos años que Carlos — Ana is younger than Carlos

no soy menos hombre que él — * I'm as much of a man as he is

este es menos coche que el anterior — * this is not as good a car as the last one

• ser menos que, ganaremos porque son menos que nosotros — we'll win because there are fewer of them than there are of us

para no ser menos que los vecinos — to keep up with the neighbours

2) [superlativo] [con sustantivos incontables, medidas, dinero, tiempo] least; [con sustantivos contables] fewest

el método que lleva menos tiempo — the method which takes (the) least time

es el que menos culpa tiene — he is the least to blame

el examen con menos errores — the exam paper with the fewest mistakes

3. PREP

1) (=excepto) except

todos menos él — everybody except him

¡todo menos eso! — anything but that!

2) (Mat) [para restar] minus, less

cinco menos dos — five minus o less two

siete menos dos (son) cinco — seven minus two is five

son las siete menos veinte — it's twenty to seven

4.

CONJ

• a menos que — unless

no iré a menos que me acompañes — I won't go unless you come with me

5. SM

1) (Mat) minus sign

2)

los menos — the minority

3)
más 1., 2)
* * *
I
adverbio

1) ( comparativo) less

cada vez estudia menos — she's studying less and less

ya me duele menos — it hurts less now

ahora lo vemos menos — we don't see him so often o we don't see so much of him now

no voy a ir, y menos aún con él — I'm not going, and certainly not with him

menos (...) que: un hallazgo no menos importante que éste a find which is no less important than this one; ella menos que nadie puede criticarte she of all people is in no position to criticize you; menos (...) de less than; pesa menos de 50 kilos it weighs less than o under 50 kilos; no lo haría por menos de cien mil I wouldn't do it for less than a hundred thousand; éramos menos de diez there were fewer than ten of us; los niños de menos de 7 años children under seven; es menos peligroso de lo que tú crees — it's not as dangerous as you think

2) ( superlativo) least

es la menos complicada — it is the least complicated one

éste es el menos pesado de los dos — this is the lighter of the two

es el que menos viene por aquí — he's the one who comes around least (often)

es el que menos me gusta — he's the one I like (the) least

se esfuerza lo menos posible — he makes as little effort as possible

es lo menos que podía hacer — it's the least I could do

cuando menos lo esperábamos — when we were least expecting it; para locs ver menos III 2)
II
adjetivo invariable

1) ( comparativo) ( en cantidad) less; ( en número) fewer

alimentos con menos fibra/calorías — food with less fiber/fewer calories

ya hace menos frío — it's not as o so cold now

recibimos cada vez menos pedidos — we are getting fewer and fewer orders

cuesta tres veces menos — it costs a third of the price

mide medio metro menos — it's half a meter shorter

menos (...) que: tengo menos tiempo que tú I haven't as o so much time as you; menos estudiantes que el año pasado fewer students than last year; yo no soy menos que él — he's no better than me

2) ( superlativo) ( en cantidad) least; ( en número) fewest

esos casos son los menos — cases like that are the exception
III
pronombre

1)

sírveme menos — don't give me so much, give me less

ya falta menos — it won't be long now

aprobaron menos que el año pasado — fewer passed than last year

2) (en locs)

al menos — at least

a menos que — unless

cuando menos — at least

de menos: me ha dado 100 pesos de menos you've given me 100 pesos too little; me has cobrado de menos you've undercharged me; lo menos (fam) at least; menos mal just as well, thank goodness; menos mal que no me oyó just as well o it's a good thing he didn't hear me; por lo menos at least; ir a menos to go downhill; ser lo de menos: eso es lo de menos, a mí lo que me preocupa es... that's the least of it, what worries me is...; la fecha es lo de menos the date is the least of our/their problems; tener a alguien en menos to feel somebody is beneath one; tener algo a menos to think something is beneath one o beneath one's dignity; venirse a menos — to come down in the world
IV
preposición

1) ( excepto)

firmaron todos menos Alonso — everybody but Alonso signed, everybody signed except o but Alonso

menos estos dos, todos están en venta — apart from o with the exception of these two, they are all for sale

tres latas de pintura, menos la que usé — three cans of paint, less what I used

2)

a) (Mat) (en restas, números negativos) minus

b) (Esp, RPl) ( en la hora)

son las cinco menos diez/cuarto — it's ten to five/(a) quarter to five

son menos veinte — it's twenty to
V
masculino minus sign

* * *

= least, less [lesser -comp., least -sup.], minus, but, less so.

Ex. Service to the whole community implies positive discrimination towards those who through social or educational deprivation are least adept at using information tools.

Ex. The role of analytical entries in an online catalogue is less clear.

Ex. Copies of records created by the libraries, minus local data, are added to the pool of cataloguing information available to users.

Ex. Rotundas were widely used for all but the most formal texts in the fifteenth century, but fell out of fashion during the sixteenth century, surviving longest in Spain.

Ex. Vellum remained popular on the continent, less so in England; while goatskin (morocco), although well established by this time for fine work, was seldom used in trade binding except for prayer books.

----

* al menos = at least, at the very least.

* a menos que = unless, short of.

* aproximadamente, más o menos = ballpark.

* area menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* cada vez menos = less and less.

* cuando menos te lo esperes = on any given Sunday.

* cuanto menos = at least, let alone, at best.

* dar menos de lo debido = shortchange.

* de menos del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* dentro de lo malo lo menos malo = the best of a bad lot.

* echar de menos = miss.

* echar muchísimo de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.

* en todos menos en = in all but.

* en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.

* estrella venida a menos = fallen star.

* figura venida a menos = fallen star.

* hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.

* horas de menos aglomeración = off-peak times.

* lo menos posible = as little as possible.

* más o menos = more or less, of a sort, or so, of sorts, after a fashion, round about, roughly speaking, give or take.

* más o menos + Adverbio = relatively + Adverbio.

* más o menos cuadrado = squarish.

* menos aún = let alone.

* menos blandeces y más mano dura = less of the carrot, more of the stick, less of the carrot, more of the stick.

* menos conocido = lesser known.

* menos cultos, los = less literate, the.

* menos de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad, less than + Cantidad.

* menos de + Edad = on the right side of + Edad.

* menos desarrollado = less developed [less-developed].

* menos en = save in.

* menos en el caso de que = except when.

* menos favorecido = less-advantaged, less favoured [less favored].

* menos hecho = rarer.

* menos importante, el = least, the.

* menos probable = least likely, less likely.

* menos... que... = less... than....

* menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.

* menos sabido = lesser known.

* menos usado = less used.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* nada más y nada menos = as much as + Expresión Numérica.

* nada más y nada menos que = in the order of + Cantidad, nothing less than.

* nada más y nada menos que de = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* nada más y nada menos que desde + Expresión Temporal = from as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* nada más y nada menos que + Número = as many as + Número.

* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.

* ni más ni menos = nothing more, nothing less, no more, no less.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* Nombre + más o menos = Nombre + of sorts.

* no ser menos que el vecino = keep up with + the Joneses.

* no ser menos que los demás = keep up with + the Joneses.

* pagar menos de lo que se debería = underpay.

* para no ser menos = not to be outdone.

* personaje venido a menos = fallen star.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* región menos favorecida = less favoured region (LFR).

* salir de donde menos Uno se lo espera = come out of + the woodwork.

* ser menos + Adjetivo = be less of a(n) + Nombre.

* ser nada más y nada menos que = be nothing less than.

* signo menos (-) = minus sign (-), negative sign (-).

* todo menos = everything except (for).

* todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos menos + Número = all but + Número.

* último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.

* venir a menos = retrench.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* * *
I
adverbio

1) ( comparativo) less

cada vez estudia menos — she's studying less and less

ya me duele menos — it hurts less now

ahora lo vemos menos — we don't see him so often o we don't see so much of him now

no voy a ir, y menos aún con él — I'm not going, and certainly not with him

menos (...) que: un hallazgo no menos importante que éste a find which is no less important than this one; ella menos que nadie puede criticarte she of all people is in no position to criticize you; menos (...) de less than; pesa menos de 50 kilos it weighs less than o under 50 kilos; no lo haría por menos de cien mil I wouldn't do it for less than a hundred thousand; éramos menos de diez there were fewer than ten of us; los niños de menos de 7 años children under seven; es menos peligroso de lo que tú crees — it's not as dangerous as you think

2) ( superlativo) least

es la menos complicada — it is the least complicated one

éste es el menos pesado de los dos — this is the lighter of the two

es el que menos viene por aquí — he's the one who comes around least (often)

es el que menos me gusta — he's the one I like (the) least

se esfuerza lo menos posible — he makes as little effort as possible

es lo menos que podía hacer — it's the least I could do

cuando menos lo esperábamos — when we were least expecting it; para locs ver menos III 2)
II
adjetivo invariable

1) ( comparativo) ( en cantidad) less; ( en número) fewer

alimentos con menos fibra/calorías — food with less fiber/fewer calories

ya hace menos frío — it's not as o so cold now

recibimos cada vez menos pedidos — we are getting fewer and fewer orders

cuesta tres veces menos — it costs a third of the price

mide medio metro menos — it's half a meter shorter

menos (...) que: tengo menos tiempo que tú I haven't as o so much time as you; menos estudiantes que el año pasado fewer students than last year; yo no soy menos que él — he's no better than me

2) ( superlativo) ( en cantidad) least; ( en número) fewest

esos casos son los menos — cases like that are the exception
III
pronombre

1)

sírveme menos — don't give me so much, give me less

ya falta menos — it won't be long now

aprobaron menos que el año pasado — fewer passed than last year

2) (en locs)

al menos — at least

a menos que — unless

cuando menos — at least

de menos: me ha dado 100 pesos de menos you've given me 100 pesos too little; me has cobrado de menos you've undercharged me; lo menos (fam) at least; menos mal just as well, thank goodness; menos mal que no me oyó just as well o it's a good thing he didn't hear me; por lo menos at least; ir a menos to go downhill; ser lo de menos: eso es lo de menos, a mí lo que me preocupa es... that's the least of it, what worries me is...; la fecha es lo de menos the date is the least of our/their problems; tener a alguien en menos to feel somebody is beneath one; tener algo a menos to think something is beneath one o beneath one's dignity; venirse a menos — to come down in the world
IV
preposición

1) ( excepto)

firmaron todos menos Alonso — everybody but Alonso signed, everybody signed except o but Alonso

menos estos dos, todos están en venta — apart from o with the exception of these two, they are all for sale

tres latas de pintura, menos la que usé — three cans of paint, less what I used

2)

a) (Mat) (en restas, números negativos) minus

b) (Esp, RPl) ( en la hora)

son las cinco menos diez/cuarto — it's ten to five/(a) quarter to five

son menos veinte — it's twenty to
V
masculino minus sign

* * *

= least, less [lesser -comp., least -sup.], minus, but, less so.

Ex: Service to the whole community implies positive discrimination towards those who through social or educational deprivation are least adept at using information tools.

Ex: The role of analytical entries in an online catalogue is less clear.

Ex: Copies of records created by the libraries, minus local data, are added to the pool of cataloguing information available to users.

Ex: Rotundas were widely used for all but the most formal texts in the fifteenth century, but fell out of fashion during the sixteenth century, surviving longest in Spain.

Ex: Vellum remained popular on the continent, less so in England; while goatskin (morocco), although well established by this time for fine work, was seldom used in trade binding except for prayer books.

* al menos = at least, at the very least.

* a menos que = unless, short of.

* aproximadamente, más o menos = ballpark.

* area menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* cada vez menos = less and less.

* cuando menos te lo esperes = on any given Sunday.

* cuanto menos = at least, let alone, at best.

* dar menos de lo debido = shortchange.

* de menos del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* dentro de lo malo lo menos malo = the best of a bad lot.

* echar de menos = miss.

* echar muchísimo de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.

* en todos menos en = in all but.

* en un futuro más o menos cercano = in the near future, in the near future.

* en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.

* estrella venida a menos = fallen star.

* figura venida a menos = fallen star.

* hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.

* horas de menos aglomeración = off-peak times.

* lo menos posible = as little as possible.

* más o menos = more or less, of a sort, or so, of sorts, after a fashion, round about, roughly speaking, give or take.

* más o menos + Adverbio = relatively + Adverbio.

* más o menos cuadrado = squarish.

* menos aún = let alone.

* menos blandeces y más mano dura = less of the carrot, more of the stick, less of the carrot, more of the stick.

* menos conocido = lesser known.

* menos cultos, los = less literate, the.

* menos de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad, less than + Cantidad.

* menos de + Edad = on the right side of + Edad.

* menos desarrollado = less developed [less-developed].

* menos en = save in.

* menos en el caso de que = except when.

* menos favorecido = less-advantaged, less favoured [less favored].

* menos hecho = rarer.

* menos importante, el = least, the.

* menos probable = least likely, less likely.

* menos... que... = less... than....

* menos rápidos, los = less fleet of foot, the.

* menos sabido = lesser known.

* menos usado = less used.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* nada más y nada menos = as much as + Expresión Numérica.

* nada más y nada menos que = in the order of + Cantidad, nothing less than.

* nada más y nada menos que de = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* nada más y nada menos que desde + Expresión Temporal = from as far back as + Expresión Temporal.

* nada más y nada menos que + Número = as many as + Número.

* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.

* ni más ni menos = nothing more, nothing less, no more, no less.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* Nombre + más o menos = Nombre + of sorts.

* no ser menos que el vecino = keep up with + the Joneses.

* no ser menos que los demás = keep up with + the Joneses.

* pagar menos de lo que se debería = underpay.

* para no ser menos = not to be outdone.

* personaje venido a menos = fallen star.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* región menos favorecida = less favoured region (LFR).

* salir de donde menos Uno se lo espera = come out of + the woodwork.

* ser menos + Adjetivo = be less of a(n) + Nombre.

* ser nada más y nada menos que = be nothing less than.

* signo menos (-) = minus sign (-), negative sign (-).

* todo menos = everything except (for).

* todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.

* todos menos + Número = all but + Número.

* último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.

* venir a menos = retrench.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.

* * *

menos¹

adverb

A [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

(comparativo): cada vez estudia menos she's studying less and less

quiere trabajar menos y ganar más he wants to work less and earn more

ya me duele menos it doesn't hurt so much now

ahora que vive en Cádiz lo vemos menos now that he's living in Cadiz we don't see him so often o we don't see so much of him

eso es menos importante that's not so important

no voy a permitir que vaya, y menos aún con él I'm not going to let her go, much less with him

menos (…) QUE:

un hallazgo no menos importante que éste a find which is no less important than o just as important as this one

ella menos que nadie puede criticarte she of all people is in no position to criticize you

no pude menos que aceptar I had to accept, it was the least I could do

menos (…) DE:

los niños de menos de 7 años children under seven

pesa menos de 50 kilos it weighs less than o under 50 kilos

éramos menos de diez there were fewer than ten of us

lo compraron por menos de nada they bought it for next to nothing

no lo haría por menos de cien mil I wouldn't do it for less than a hundred thousand

está a menos de una hora de aquí it's less than an hour from here

es menos peligroso de lo que tú crees it's not as dangerous as you think

B [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] (superlativo) least

es la menos complicada que he visto it is the least complicated one I have seen

éste es el menos pesado de los dos this is the lighter of the two

es el que menos viene por aquí he's the one who comes around least (often)

soy el que ha bebido menos de todos I've had less to drink than anyone, I'm the one who's had least to drink

es el que menos me gusta he's the one I like (the) least

se esfuerza lo menos posible he makes as little effort as possible

es lo menos que podía hacer por él it's the least I could do for him

sucedió cuando menos lo esperábamos it happened when we were least expecting it

para locs ver menos³ pron B. (↑ menos (3))

menos²

adj inv

A [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] (comparativo) (en cantidad) less; (en número) fewer

alimentos con menos fibra/calorías food with less fiber/fewer calories

ya hace menos frío it's not as o so cold now

recibimos cada vez menos pedidos we are getting fewer and fewer orders

cuesta tres veces menos it costs a third of the price o a third as much

mide medio metro menos it's half a meter shorter

a éste ponle dos cucharadas menos add two tablespoonfuls less to this one

menos (…) QUE:

tengo menos tiempo que tú I haven't as o so much time as you

menos estudiantes que el año pasado fewer students than last year

somos menos que ellos there are fewer of us than them

no soy menos hombre que él I'm no less a man than him

yo no soy menos que él he's no better than me

B [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] (superlativo) (en cantidad) least; (en número) fewest

el rincón donde hay menos luz the corner where there's least light

el partido que obtuvo menos votos the party that got (the) fewest votes

esos casos son los menos cases like that are the exception

menos³

pronoun

A

sírveme menos don't give me as o so much

ya falta menos it won't be long now

aprobaron menos que el año pasado not so o as many passed as last year, fewer passed than last year

B ( en locs):

al menos at least

a menos que unless

a menos que tú nos ayudes unless you help us

cuando menos at least

de menos: me ha dado 100 pesos de menos you've given me 100 pesos too little

siempre te da unos gramos de menos he always gives you a few grams under o too little

me has cobrado de menos you've undercharged me, you haven't charged me enough

echar

lo menos ( fam); at least

les pagaron lo menos un millón they paid them at least a million pesos

menos mal just as well

menos mal que no me oyó just as well o good thing o thank goodness he didn't hear me

nos van a dar una prórroga — ¡menos mal! they are going to give us extra time — just as well! o thank goodness for that!

por lo menos at least

si por lo menos me hubieras avisado … if you'd at least told me …

había por lo menos diez mil personas there were at least ten thousand people there

ir a menos to go downhill

ser lo de menos: eso es lo de menos, a mí lo que me preocupa es su falta de honradez that's the least of it, what worries me is his lack of integrity

la fecha es lo de menos the date is the least of our/their problems

tener a algn en menos to feel sb is beneath one

cuanto¹ (↑ cuanto (1)), más³ (↑ más (3)), mucho³ (↑ mucho (3)), nada¹ (↑ nada (1))

tener algo a menos to think sth is beneath one o beneath one's dignity

venirse a menos to come down in the world

un aristócrata venido a menos an aristocrat who has come down in the world o who has fallen on hard times

un hotel/barrio venido a menoss a rundown hotel/neighborhood*

menos⁴

prep

A

(excepto): firmaron todos menos Alonso everybody but Alonso signed, everybody signed except o but Alonso

menos estos dos, todos están en venta apart from o with the exception of these two, they are all for sale

tres latas de pintura, menos la que usé para la puerta three cans of paint, less what I used on the door

B

1 ( Mat) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (en restas, números negativos) minus

8-15=-7 read as: ocho menos quince (es) igual (a) menos siete eight minus fifteen equals o is minus seven

2

(Esp, RPI) (en la hora) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] son las ocho menos diez/cuarto it's ten to eight/(a) quarter to eight

¿tienes hora? — menos veinte do you have the time? — it's twenty to

menos⁵

masculine

minus sign

* * *

menos adverbio
1 ( comparativo) less;
◊ cada vez estudia menos she's studying less and less;

ya me duele menos it hurts less now;
ahora lo vemos menos we don't see him so often now, we don't see so much of him now;
pesa menos de 50 kilos it weighs less than o under 50 kilos;
éramos menos de diez there were fewer than ten of us;
los niños de menos de 7 años children under seven
2 ( superlativo) least;
◊ es la menos complicada it is the least complicated one;

el que menos me gusta the one I like (the) least;
se esfuerza lo menos posible he makes as little effort as possible;
cuando menos lo esperaba when I was least expecting it
■ adjetivo invariable
1 ( comparativo) ( en cantidad) less;
( en número) fewer;
◊ alimentos con menos fibra/calorías food with less fiber/fewer calories;

hay menos errores there are fewer mistakes;
mide medio metro menos it's half a meter shorter;
menos estudiantes que el año pasado fewer students than last year;
tengo menos tiempo que tú I haven't as o so much time as you
2 ( superlativo) ( en cantidad) least;
( en número) fewest;
◊ donde hay menos luz where there's least light;

el que obtuvo menos votos the one who got (the) fewest votes
■ pronombre
1 ( en cantidad) less;
( en número) fewer;
◊ sírveme menos give me less;

ya falta menos it won't be long now
2 ( en locs)
◊ al menos at least;

a menos que unless;
cuando menos at least;
de menos: me dió 100 pesos de menos he gave me 100 pesos too little;
me cobró de menos he undercharged me;
lo menos the least;
menos mal just as well, thank goodness;
por lo menos at least;
eso es lo de menos that's the least of my (o our etc) problems
■ preposición
1 ( excepto):
◊ todos menos Alonso everybody except o but Alonso;

menos estos dos, … apart from o with the exception of these two, …;
tres latas de pintura, menos la que usé para la puerta three cans of paint, less what I used on the door
2
a) (Mat) (en restas, números negativos) minus

b) (Esp, RPl) ( en la hora):

◊ son las cinco menos diez/cuarto it's ten to five/(a) quarter to five;

son menos veinte it's twenty to
menos
I adverbio
1 (en menor cantidad, grado) (con no contable) less: ayer me dolía menos, it hurt less yesterday
había menos de treinta personas, there were less than thirty people
es menos importante de lo que crees, it's less important than you think
tengo menos fuerza que antes, I have less strength than before
(con contable) fewer: mi casa tiene menos habitaciones, my house has fewer rooms
2 (superlativo) least: es el menos indicado para opinar, he's the worst person to judge
3 (sobre todo) no pienso discutir, y menos contigo, I don't want to argue, especially with you
II preposición
1 but, except: vinieron todos menos uno, they all came but one
2 Mat minus: siete menos dos, seven minus two
♦ Locuciones: eso es lo de menos, that's the least of it
a menos que, unless
al o por lo menos, at least
cada vez menos, less and less
¡menos mal!, thank goodness!
nada menos que, no less o no fewer than
no ser para menos, to be the least one could do: me invitó a cenar, ¡y no era para menos!, he invited me to dinner, which was the least he could do!
venir a menos, to lose rank, fortune or position
' menos' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aliviar
- añorar
- cachondeo
- cada
- cantar
- contratación
- cuando
- echar
- esquivar
- estar
- extrañar
- gallo
- hipar
- historiada
- historiado
- indicada
- indicado
- infarto
- los
- mal
- más
- mucha
- mucho
- pensar
- piedra
- programa
- recochineo
- salva
- salvo
- signo
- siquiera
- su
- tan
- todavía
- vez
- cinco
- costumbre
- cuanto
- cuarto
- de
- día
- enfado
- enojo
- entre
- esperar
- estofado
- mientras
- mirar
- momento
- nada
English:
about
- absent
- agree
- alone
- anything
- anywhere
- appreciate
- at
- averse
- barring
- besides
- billion
- blind
- blue
- border
- but
- cackle
- chalk
- circuitous
- conscious
- delay
- far
- ferment
- few
- god
- good
- if
- job
- just
- last
- least
- less
- let
- let up
- mind
- minus
- minus sign
- minute
- miss
- more
- nothing
- nowadays
- of
- opposed
- or
- pretty
- put down
- rate
- recollect
- remain

* * *

menos

♦ adj inv

1. [comparativo] [cantidad] less;
[número] fewer;
menos aire less air;

menos manzanas fewer apples;

menos… que… less/fewer… than…;

tiene menos experiencia que tú she has less experience than you;

vino menos gente que otras veces there were fewer people there than on other occasions;

hace menos calor que ayer it's not as hot as it was yesterday;

colócate a menos distancia stand closer;

eran menos pero mejor preparadas there were fewer of them, but they were better prepared

2. [superlativo] [cantidad] the least;
[número] the fewest;
el que compró menos libros the one who bought the fewest books;

lo que menos tiempo llevó the thing that took the least time;

la que menos nota sacó en el examen the girl who did (the) worst o got the worst Br marks o US grades in the exam

3. Fam [peor]
éste es menos coche que el mío this car isn't as good as mine;

es menos hombre que tú he's less of a man than you are

♦ adv

1. [comparativo] less;

a mí échame un poco menos give me a bit less;

ahora con el bebé salen menos they go out less now they've got the baby;

últimamente trabajo menos I haven't been working as o so much recently;

estás menos gordo you're not as o so fat;

¿a cien? no, íbamos menos rápido a hundred km/h? no, we weren't going as fast as that;

menos de/que less than;

Pepe es menos alto (que tú) Pepe isn't as tall (as you);

Pepe es menos ambicioso (que tú) Pepe isn't as ambitious (as you), Pepe is less ambitious (than you);

este vino me gusta menos (que el otro) I don't like this wine as much (as the other one), I like this wine less (than the other one);

son menos de las diez it's not quite ten o'clock yet;

es difícil encontrar alquileres de o [m5]por menos de 50.000 it's hard to find a place to rent for less than o under 50,000;

tardamos menos de lo esperado we took less time than expected, it didn't take us as long as we expected;

es menos complicado de lo que parece it's not as complicated as it seems, it's less complicated than it seems

2. [superlativo]
el/la/lo menos the least;

ella es la menos adecuada para el cargo she's the least suitable person for the job;

el menos preparado de todos/de la clase the least well trained of everyone/in the class;

el menos preparado de los dos the less well trained of the two;

la que menos trabaja the person o one who works (the) least;

aquí es donde menos me duele this is where it hurts (the) least;

él es el menos indicado para criticar he's the last person who should be criticizing;

es lo menos que puedo hacer it's the least I can do;

era lo menos que te podía pasar it was the least you could expect;

debió costar lo menos un millón it must have cost at least a million;

había algunas manzanas podridas, pero eran las menos some of the apples were rotten, but only a very few

3. [indica resta] minus;

tres menos dos igual a uno three minus two is one

4. Esp, RP [con las horas] to;

son las dos menos diez it's ten to two;

son menos diez it's ten to

5. Comp

ir a menos [fiebre, lluvia] to die down;
[delincuencia] to drop;
¡menos mal! just as well!, thank God!;

menos mal que llevo rueda de repuesto/que no te pasó nada thank God I've got a spare wheel/(that) nothing happened to you;

nada menos (que) no less (than);

le recibió nada menos que el Papa he was received by none other than the Pope;

no es para menos not without (good) reason;

no pude por menos que reírme I had to laugh;

venir a menos [negocio] to go downhill;
[persona] to go down in the world;
no pienso montar y menos si conduces o Am [m5] manejas tú I've no intention of getting in, much less so if you're driving;

Comp

hacer de menos a alguien to snub sb

♦ pron

había menos que el año pasado there were fewer than the previous year;

ya queda menos it's not so far to go now

♦ nm inv
Mat minus (sign)
♦ prep
[excepto] except (for);
todo menos eso anything but that;

vinieron todos menos él everyone came except (for) o but him;

menos el café, todo está incluido en el precio everything except the coffee is included in the price

♦ al menos loc conj

at least;

costará al menos tres millones it will cost at least three million;

dame al menos una hora para prepararme give me at least an hour to get ready

♦ a menos que loc conj

unless;

no iré a menos que me acompañes I won't go unless you come with me

♦ de menos loc adv

hay dos libros de menos there are two books missing;

me han dado 80 céntimos de menos they've given me 80 cents too little, they've short-changed me by 80 cents;

eso es lo de menos that's the least of it

♦ por lo menos loc adv

at least;

por lo menos pide perdón you at least ought to apologize

* * *

menos

I adj

1 en cantidad less;

cien dólares de menos 100 dollars short, 100 dollars too little;

hay cinco calcetines de menos we are five socks short

2 en número fewer

II adv

1 comp: en cantidad less;

es menos guapa que Ana she is not as pretty as Ana

2 sup: en cantidad least;

al menos, por lo menos at least

3 MAT minus;

tres menos dos three minus two

III m MAT minus (sign)

IV

:

a menos que unless;

todos menos yo everyone but o except me;

echar de menos miss;

tener a alguien en menos look down on s.o.;

eso es lo de menos that’s the least of it;

ir a menos come down in the world;

ni mucho menos far from it;

no es para menos quite right too;

son las dos menos diez it’s ten of two, Br it’s ten to two

* * *

menos adv

1) : less

llueve menos en agosto: it rains less in August

2) : least

el coche menos caro: the least expensive car

3)

menos de : less than, fewer than

menos adj

1) : less, fewer

tengo más trabajo y menos tiempo: I have more work and less time

2) : least, fewest

la clase que tiene menos estudiantes: the class that has the fewest students

menos prep

1) salvo, excepto: except

2) : minus

quince menos cuatro son once: fifteen minus four is eleven

menos pron

1) : less, fewer

no deberías aceptar menos: you shouldn't accept less

2)

al menos or

por lo menos : at least

3)

a menos que : unless

* * *

menos¹ adv

1. (comparativo) less

deberías ponerte menos azúcar you should take less sugar

2. (con nombres contables) fewer

había menos gente there were fewer people

3. (superlativo) least

es el menos caro it's the least expensive

4. (excepto) except

puedo hacer de todo menos cocinar I can do everything except cook

fueron todos al parque menos ella they all went to the park except her

5. (con la hora) to

son las ocho menos diez it's ten to eight

6. (en matemáticas) minus

ocho menos dos son seis eight minus two is six

al menos at least

a menos que unless

menos mal thank goodness

menos mal que has venido it's a good job you've come

por lo menos at least

menos² n minus sign

Spanish-English dictionary > menos
9 mucho

adj.

a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.

adv.

1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.

2 very often, too often.

m.

a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.

* * *

mucho

► adjetivo

1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much

■ hicieron mucho ruido they made a lot of noise

■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money

■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?

2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many

■ son muchos socios en ese club the club has a lot of members

■ hay mucha gente esperando there are a lot of people waiting

■ tiene muchos discos he's got lots of records

■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses

■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?

■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold

■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty

3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many

■ es mucho trabajo para una sola persona it's too much work for just one person

■ el proyecto supone demasiados problemas the project involves too many problems

■ ya son muchas preguntas that's far too many questions

► pronombre

1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many

■ no me queda mucho por hacer I haven't got much left to do

■ muchos de ellos acudieron many of them came

■ muchos de mis amigos viven en el extranjero a lot of my friends live abroad

■ muchos dicen que no es apto para el trabajo a lot of people say he's not suitable for the job

► adverbio

1 (de cantidad) a lot, much

■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse

■ era mucho más peligroso de lo que pensábamos it was much more dangerous than we thought

■ se preocupa mucho por ellos he worries a lot about them

■ me gusta mucho I like it a lot

■ lo siento mucho I'm really sorry

■ me alegro mucho de verte I'm very pleased to see you

■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much

■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good

2 (de tiempo)

■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later

■ hace mucho que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for a long time

3 (de frecuencia) often

■ no vienen mucho por aquí they don't come here often

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

como mucho at the most

■ te pagarán como mucho treinta euros they'll pay you thirty euros at the most

con mucho by far

■ es con mucho el mejor concursante he's the best competitor by far

muy mucho familiar very much so

ni con mucho nowhere near as

■ no es ni con mucho tan inteligente he's nowhere near as clever

ni mucho menos far from

■ no es ni mucho menos tonto he's far from stupid

por mucho que however much

■ por mucho que lo intentes no lo conseguirás you won't get it however much you try

* * *
1. (f. - mucha)
adj.

many, much, a lot of, plenty of
2. adv.
much, a lot

- como mucho
- con mucho
- mucho tiempo 3. (f. - mucha)
pron.

many, much, a lot

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [en singular] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, much

tengo mucho dinero — I have a lot of o lots of money

había mucha gente — there were a lot of o lots of people there

¿tienes mucho trabajo? — do you have a lot of o much work?

no tengo mucho dinero — I don't have a lot of o much money

hace mucho calor — it's very hot

tengo mucho frío — I'm very cold

tengo mucha hambre — I'm very hungry

tengo mucha sed — I'm very thirsty

tuve mucha suerte — I was very lucky

no hace mucho tiempo — not long ago

llevo aquí mucho tiempo — I've been here a long time

2) [en plural] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, many

tiene muchas plantas — he has got a lot of o lots of plants

muchas personas creen que no — a lot of o lots of people don't think so

se lo he dicho muchas veces — I've told him many o lots of times

¿había muchos niños en el parque? — were there a lot of o many children in the park?

no había muchos patos en el lago — there weren't a lot of o many ducks on the lake

3) * [con singular colectivo]

había mucho borracho — there were a lot of o lots of drunks there

hay mucho tonto suelto — there are a lot of o lots of idiots around

mucho beso, pero luego me critica por la espalda — she's all kisses, but then she criticizes me behind my back

4) (=demasiado)

es mucho dinero para un niño — it's too much money for a child

es mucha mujer para ti — * that woman is too much for you

esta es mucha casa para nosotros — * this house is too big for us

2. PRON

1) [en singular]

a) [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, much

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot o lots to do

tiene la culpa de mucho de lo que pasa — he's to blame for a lot of o much of what has happened

el plan tiene mucho de positivo — there's a lot about the plan that is positive

su discurso tiene mucho de fascista — his rhetoric contains a lot of fascist elements

¿has aprendido mucho en este trabajo? — have you learnt a lot o much from this job?

no tengo mucho que hacer — I haven't got a lot o much to do

-¿cuánto vino queda? -mucho — "how much wine is left?" - "a lot" o "lots"

b) [referido a tiempo] long

¿te vas a quedar mucho? — are you staying long?

no tardes mucho — don't be long

¿falta mucho para llegar? — will it be long till we arrive?

-¿cuánto nos queda para acabar? -mucho — "how long till we finish?" - "ages"

hace mucho que no salgo a bailar — it's a long time o ages since I went out dancing

2) [en plural] [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, many

somos muchos — there are a lot of o lots of us

son muchos los que no quieren — there are a lot o lots who don't want to

muchos dicen que... — a lot of o lots of o many people say that...

muchos de los ausentes — many of o a lot of those absent

-¿hay manzanas? -sí, pero no muchas — "are there any apples?" - "yes, but not many o not a lot"

¿vinieron muchos? — did many o a lot of people come?

-¿cuántos había? -muchos — "how many were there?" - "a lot" o "lots"

3. ADV

1) (=en gran cantidad) a lot

come mucho — she eats a lot

te quiero mucho — I love you very much o a lot

viene mucho — he comes often o a lot

me gusta mucho el jazz — I really like jazz, I like jazz a lot

sí señor, me gusta y mucho — I do indeed like it and I like it a lot

- son 75 euros -es mucho — "that will be 75 euros" - "that's a lot"

alegrarse mucho — to be very glad

correr mucho — to run fast

lo siento mucho — I'm very o really sorry

¡mucho lo sientes tú! — * a fat lot you care! *

trabajar mucho — to work hard

• mucho antes — long before

• mucho más — much o a lot more

• mucho menos — much o a lot less

• muy mucho, se guardará muy mucho de hacerlo — * he'll jolly well be careful not to do it *

• si no es mucho pedir — if that's not asking too much

eso es mucho pedir — it's a lot to ask

• pensárselo mucho, se lo pensó mucho antes de contestar — he thought long and hard about it before replying

• mucho peor — much o a lot worse

2) [en respuestas]

-¿estás cansado? -¡mucho! — "are you tired?" - "I certainly am!"

-¿te gusta? -no mucho — "do you like it?" - "not really"

3) [otras locuciones]

• como mucho — at (the) most

como mucho leo un libro al mes — at (the) most I read one book a month

• con mucho — by far, far and away

fue, con mucho, el mejor — he was by far the best, he was far and away the best

no se puede comparar, ni con mucho, a ninguna de nuestras ideas — it bears no comparison at all o you can't begin to compare it with any of our ideas

• cuando mucho — frm at (the) most

• tener a algn en mucho — to think highly of sb

• ni mucho menos, Juan no es ni mucho menos el que era — Juan is nothing like the man he was

mi intención no era insultarte, ni mucho menos — I in no way intended to insult you, I didn't intend to insult you, far from it

• por mucho que, por mucho que estudies — however hard you study

por mucho que lo quieras no debes mimarlo — no matter how much you love him, you shouldn't spoil him

* * *
I
adverbio

a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

funciona mucho mejor — it works much o a lot better

trabaja mucho — he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

por mucho que insistas — no matter how much you insist

después de mucho discutir — after long discussions

b) ( en respuestas)

¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)
II
- cha adjetivo

1)

a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

somos muchos — there are a lot of us

¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

2) (sing)

a) (fam) ( con valor plural)

mucho elogio pero no me lo van a publicar — they're full of praise but they're not going to publish it

hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí — there are a lot of rogues around

b) (fam) ( con valor ponderativo)

era mucho jugador para un equipo así — he was much too good a player for a team like that
III
- cha pronombre

1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir — if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no lo vemos — we haven't seen him for a long time

¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

3) (en locs)

como mucho — at (the) most

con mucho — by far, easily

ni mucho menos — in no way

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

= heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex. Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.

Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.

Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex. 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.

Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.

Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.

Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex. Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.

Ex. Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.

Ex. Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.

Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.

Ex. For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.

Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.

Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.

Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.

Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex. The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.

Ex. His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.

----

* a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.

* afectar mucho = hit + hard.

* Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.

* andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* bajar mucho = go + way down.

* beber mucho = drink + heavily.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.

* con mucha antelación = far in advance.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* conseguir mucho = do + much.

* contener mucho = be high in.

* costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.

* dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.

* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.

* darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.

* decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.

* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.

* demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.

* de muchas formas = in more ways than one.

* de muchas maneras = in every way.

* de mucho arraigo = long-established.

* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.

* de mucho cuidado = badass.

* de mucho provecho = high-payoff.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* desde hace muchos años = for years.

* desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).

* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.

* desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* día de mucho calor = scorcher.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durar mucho = last + long.

* durar mucho rato = take + a long time.

* durar mucho tiempo = last + long.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.

* en muchos aspectos = in most respects.

* en muchos casos = in many instances.

* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.

* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.

* escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.

* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.

* existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....

* faltar mucho = be a long way off.

* faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.

* guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.

* gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.

* gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].

* gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.

* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.

* haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.

* haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.

* hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hace muchos años = many years ago.

* hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hacer mucho = do + much.

* hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.

* hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.

* hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.

* llenar mucho = be filling.

* lo mucho que = how extensively.

* mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.

* muchas ganancias = high return.

* Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.

* muchas horas = long hours.

* muchas otras cosas = much else.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* mucha suerte = best of luck.

* muchas veces = multiple times.

* mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.

* mucho antes = early on.

* mucho antes de = well before.

* mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.

* mucho dinero = big bucks.

* mucho esfuerzo = hard work.

* mucho interés = keen interest.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más allá de = far beyond.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.

* mucho mejor = far better.

* mucho mejor que = far superior to.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.

* mucho peor = far worse.

* mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.

* mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.

* muchos = many, good many, many a(n).

* muchos beneficios = high return.

* muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.

* mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.

* mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.

* mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.

* mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.

* mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* ni con mucho = not by a long shot.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.

* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no hace mucho = in the recent past.

* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.

* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.

* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.

* no mucho después = not long after.

* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.

* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.

* no perderse mucho = be no great loss.

* pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* persona con mucha ambición = social climber.

* persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).

* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.

* quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser mucho = be a mouthful.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser mucho más que = be far more than.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* trabajando mucho = hard at work.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* trabajar mucho = work + hard.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* * *
I
adverbio

a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

funciona mucho mejor — it works much o a lot better

trabaja mucho — he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

por mucho que insistas — no matter how much you insist

después de mucho discutir — after long discussions

b) ( en respuestas)

¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)
II
- cha adjetivo

1)

a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

somos muchos — there are a lot of us

¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

2) (sing)

a) (fam) ( con valor plural)

mucho elogio pero no me lo van a publicar — they're full of praise but they're not going to publish it

hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí — there are a lot of rogues around

b) (fam) ( con valor ponderativo)

era mucho jugador para un equipo así — he was much too good a player for a team like that
III
- cha pronombre

1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

tengo mucho que hacer — I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir — if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no lo vemos — we haven't seen him for a long time

¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

3) (en locs)

como mucho — at (the) most

con mucho — by far, easily

ni mucho menos — in no way

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

= heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex: Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.

Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.

Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.

Ex: 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.

Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.

Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.

Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.

Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.

Ex: Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.

Ex: Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.

Ex: Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.

Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.

Ex: For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.

Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.

Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.

Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.

Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.

Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.

Ex: The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.

Ex: His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.

* a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.

* afectar mucho = hit + hard.

* Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].

* Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].

* a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].

* andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.

* andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* bajar mucho = go + way down.

* beber mucho = drink + heavily.

* bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.

* cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.

* causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.

* con mucha antelación = far in advance.

* con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.

* con mucha diferencia = by far.

* con mucha energía = high energy.

* con mucha frecuencia = very often.

* con mucha información = populated.

* con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.

* con mucha palabrería = glibly.

* con mucha población = heavily populated.

* con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.

* con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.

* con muchas actividades = event-filled.

* con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.

* con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.

* con muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.

* con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].

* con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.

* con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.

* con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].

* con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.

* con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.

* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.

* con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].

* con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.

* con muchos detalles = elaborately.

* con muchos eventos = event-filled.

* con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].

* con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.

* con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.

* con mucho trabajo = painfully.

* conseguir mucho = do + much.

* contener mucho = be high in.

* costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.

* dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.

* dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.

* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.

* darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.

* decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.

* de hace muchos años = long-standing.

* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.

* dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.

* demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.

* de muchas formas = in more ways than one.

* de muchas maneras = in every way.

* de mucho arraigo = long-established.

* de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.

* de mucho cuidado = badass.

* de mucho provecho = high-payoff.

* de muchos usos = all-purpose.

* desde hace muchos años = for years.

* desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).

* desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.

* desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.

* destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* día de mucho calor = scorcher.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.

* durante muchas horas = for many long hours.

* durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).

* durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).

* durar mucho = last + long.

* durar mucho rato = take + a long time.

* durar mucho tiempo = last + long.

* echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.

* el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.

* en muchos aspectos = in most respects.

* en muchos casos = in many instances.

* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.

* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores = in many quarters.

* en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.

* en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.

* escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.

* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.

* existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....

* faltar mucho = be a long way off.

* faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).

* fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.

* ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.

* guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.

* gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.

* gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].

* gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.

* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.

* haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.

* haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.

* hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hace muchos años = many years ago.

* hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.

* hacer mucho = do + much.

* hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.

* hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.

* hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.

* hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.

* llenar mucho = be filling.

* lo mucho que = how extensively.

* mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.

* muchas ganancias = high return.

* Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.

* muchas horas = long hours.

* muchas otras cosas = much else.

* muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.

* mucha suerte = best of luck.

* muchas veces = multiple times.

* mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.

* mucho antes = early on.

* mucho antes de = well before.

* mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.

* mucho dinero = big bucks.

* mucho esfuerzo = hard work.

* mucho interés = keen interest.

* mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.

* mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.

* mucho más allá de = far beyond.

* mucho más cerca = far closer.

* mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.

* mucho más rápido = far faster.

* mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.

* mucho mejor = far better.

* mucho mejor que = far superior to.

* mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.

* mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.

* mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.

* mucho peor = far worse.

* mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.

* mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.

* muchos = many, good many, many a(n).

* muchos beneficios = high return.

* muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.

* muchos más = a great many more.

* muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.

* mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.

* mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.

* mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.

* mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.

* mucho trabajo = hard graft.

* ni con mucho = not by a long shot.

* ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.

* no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.

* no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.

* no hace mucho = in the recent past.

* no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.

* Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.

* Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.

* no mucho después = not long after.

* no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.

* no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.

* no perderse mucho = be no great loss.

* pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.

* pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.

* persona con mucha ambición = social climber.

* persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.

* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.

* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.

* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.

* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.

* que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.

* que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.

* que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.

* quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.

* quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).

* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.

* quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.

* que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.

* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.

* que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.

* que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.

* que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.

* que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.

* quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).

* saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.

* ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.

* ser mucho = be a mouthful.

* ser mucho más = be all the more.

* ser mucho más que = be far more than.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* trabajando mucho = hard at work.

* trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.

* trabajar mucho = work + hard.

* usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.

* venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.

* Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.

* y cuanto mucho menos = much less.

* y mucho más = and much more.

* y mucho menos = much less, least of all.

* y mucho(s) más = and more.

* * *

mucho¹

adverb

1

salen mucho they go out a lot

no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot

¿salen mucho? do they go out much o a lot?

me ayudaron muchísimo they really helped me a lot

ahora funciona mucho mejor it works much o a lot better now

esto preocupa, y mucho, a los ecologistas this is a matter of great concern to ecologists

trabaja mucho he works very hard

¿llueve mucho? is it raining hard?

me gusta muchísimo I like it a lot o very much

por mucho que insistas, no te va a hacer caso no matter how much you insist o however much you insist he won't listen to you

por mucho que le grites no te oye you can shout as much as you like but he won't hear you

después de mucho discutir llegaron a un acuerdo after long discussions, they reached an agreement

mucho criticar a los demás pero ella tampoco hace nada por ayudar she's forever o always criticizing others but she doesn't do anything to help either

2

(en respuestas): ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very

¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much

para locs ver mucho³ pron C. (↑ mucho (3))

mucho² - cha

adjective

A

1 ( sing) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

tiene mucha vitamina C it contains a lot of vitamin C

no le tienen mucho respeto they don't have much o a lot of respect for him

había mucha gente there were lots of o a lot of people there

sucedió hace mucho tiempo it happened a long time ago

¿tienes mucha hambre? are you very hungry?

una ciudad con mucha vida nocturna a city with plenty of night life

2 (pl) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

¿recibiste muchos regalos? did you get many o a lot of presents?

sus muchas obligaciones le impidieron asistir his many commitments prevented him from attending

muchos niños pasan hambre many children go hungry

seis hijos son muchos six children's a lot

somos muchos there are a lot of us

B ( sing)

1 ( fam)

(con valor plural): mucho elogio, mucho cumplido pero no me lo van a publicar they're full of praise and compliments but they're not going to publish it

hoy día hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí these days there are a lot of rogues around

2 ( fam)

(con valor ponderativo): era mucho jugador para un equipo tan mediocre he was much too good a player for a mediocre team like that

mucho³ - cha

pronoun

A

(refiriéndose a cantidad, número): mucho de lo que ha dicho es falso much o a lot of what he has said is untrue

tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do

si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask

muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …

muchos son los llamados pero pocos los elegidos ( Bib) many are called but few are chosen

B

mucho (refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no vamos al teatro we haven't been to the theater for a long time o for ages

¿falta mucho para llegar? are we nearly there?, is it much further?

¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?

mucho antes de conocerte long o a long time before I met you

C ( en locs):

como mucho at (the) most

costará unos 30 dólares como mucho it probably costs about 30 dollars at (the) most

con mucho by far, easily

fue, con mucho, la mejor de la clase she was by far o easily the best in the class, she was the best in the class, by far

cuando mucho at (the) most

ni mucho menos: no pretendo aconsejarte ni mucho menos I'm in no way trying to give you advice

no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos he isn't a good pianist, far from it

* * *

mucho 1 adverbio
a) ‹salir/ayudar› a lot;

‹ trabajar› hard;
◊ no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot;

me gusta muchísimo I like it very much o a lot;
mucho mejor a lot better;
por mucho que insistas no matter how much you insist;
después de mucho discutir after much discussion
b) ( en respuestas):

◊ ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very;

¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
mucho 2
◊ - cha adjetivo

a) ( sing) a lot of;

(en oraciones negativas, interrogativas) much, a lot of;
◊ mucho vino a lot of wine;

no gano mucho dinero I don't earn much o a lot of money;
¿ves mucha televisión? do you watch much o a lot of television;
tiene mucha hambre he's very hungry
b) (pl) many, a lot of;

◊ había muchos extranjeros/muchas personas allí there were many o a lot of foreigners/people there;

hace muchos años many years ago
■ pronombre
1 ( referido a cantidad)
a) ( sing) a lot;

( en oraciones negativas) much;
◊ mucho de lo dicho a lot of what was said;

tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do;
eso no es mucho that's not much;
no queda mucha there isn't much left
b) (pl) many;

◊ muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …;

muchos de nosotros many of us
2
◊ mucho

a) ( referido a tiempo):

◊ hace mucho que no la veo I haven't seen her for a long time;

¿te falta mucho para terminar? will it take you long to finish?;
mucho antes long before;
¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
b) ( en locs)

◊ como mucho at (the) most;

con mucho by far, easily;
ni mucho menos far from it;
por mucho que … however much …
mucho,-a
I adj indef
1 (abundante, numeroso) (en frases afirmativas) a lot of, lots of
mucha comida, a lot of food
muchos animales, lots of animals
(en frases negativas) much, many pl: no queda mucho azúcar, there isn't much sugar left
no conozco muchos sitios, I don't know many places
2 (intenso) very: tengo mucho calor/miedo, I'm very hot/scared
hizo mucho esfuerzo, he made a great effort
3 (demasiado) es mucha responsabilidad, it's too much responsibility
II pron
1 a lot, a great deal, many: muchos fuimos al baile, many/lots of us went to the dance
muchos de nosotros/vosotros, many of us/you
de ésos tengo muchos, I've got lots of those
III adverbio
1 (cantidad) a lot, very much: me arrepentí mucho, I was very sorry
2 (tiempo) hace mucho que desapareció, he went missing a long time ago
hace mucho que estamos aquí, we have been here for a long time
(a menudo) often: vamos mucho al cine, we go to the cinema quite often
♦ Locuciones: como mucho, at the most
con mucho, by far
¡ni mucho menos!, no way!
por mucho (que), however much
Recuerda que el singular es much, el plural es many, y que estas dos palabras se suelen usar en frases negativas (no tengo demasiado tiempo, I haven't got much time), mientras que a lot (of) y lots (of) se encuentran en frases afirmativas: Tengo mucho dinero. I've got a lot of/lots of money. En frases interrogativas se usa tanto much y many como a lot o lots of: ¿Tienes mucho dinero?, Have you got much/ a lot of/lots of money? Sin embargo, en preguntas que empiezan por how sólo puedes emplear much o many: ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?, How much money have you got?
' mucho' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonarse
- abrigar
- abultar
- achicharrar
- achicharrarse
- acoger
- adelantar
- adentro
- adorar
- afear
- afecta
- afectar
- afecto
- agradecer
- alejarse
- antes
- aparato
- aprecio
- aprovechar
- ascendiente
- avejentarse
- avenida
- avenido
- bailar
- bastante
- boato
- bombo
- brío
- cacarear
- caché
- cachet
- calor
- carácter
- cariño
- carrete
- cascar
- cervical
- chapar
- chiflar
- cocerse
- coco
- comer
- contraponer
- costar
- cuando
- de
- deber
- decaer
- decir
- defraudar
English:
ability
- ado
- afraid
- age
- ago
- agony
- all-out
- alone
- anywhere
- around
- as
- attract
- attuned to
- backlog
- badly
- bake
- balance
- be
- best
- booze
- bulky
- busywork
- capital
- cautious
- chalk
- challenging
- charisma
- come along
- come into
- commotion
- concern
- deal
- dear
- demand
- devoted
- difficult
- do
- dog days
- doing
- easily
- emotional
- enthusiastic
- esteem
- exhilarate
- experience
- extravagant
- fancy
- far
- fat
- few

* * *

mucho, -a

♦ adj

1. [gran cantidad de] a lot of;

comemos mucho pescado/mucha verdura we eat a lot of fish/vegetables;

había mucha gente there were a lot of people there;

producen muchos residuos they produce a lot of waste;

tengo muchos más/menos amigos que tú I've got a lot more/fewer friends than you;

no tengo mucho tiempo I haven't got much o a lot of time;

no nos quedan muchas entradas we haven't got many o a lot of tickets left;

¿hay muchas cosas que hacer? are there a lot of things to do?, is there much to do?;

no tengo muchas ganas de ir I don't really o much feel like going;

tengo mucho sueño I'm very sleepy;

hoy hace mucho calor it's very hot today;

hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;

¡mucha suerte! the best of luck!;

¡muchas gracias! thank you very much!

2. (singular) [demasiado]
hay mucho niño aquí there are rather a lot of kids here;

mucha sal me parece que le estás echando I think you're overdoing the salt a bit, I think you're adding a bit too much salt;

ésta es mucha casa para mí this house is much too big for me;
Fam
es mucho hombre he's a real man;

es mucho coche para un conductor novato it's far too powerful a car for an inexperienced driver;

es mucha mujer para ti she's out of your league!;
Fam
mucho lujo y mucho camarero trajeado pero la comida es horrible it's all very luxurious and full of smartly dressed waiters, but the food's terrible

♦ pron
(singular) a lot;
* * *

mucho

I adj

1 singular a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

mucho tiempo a lot of time;

no tengo mucho tiempo I don’t have a lot of time o much time;

tengo mucho frío I am very cold;

es mucho coche para mí this car’s too much for me

2 plural a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

many;

muchos amigos a lot of friends;

no tengo muchos amigos I don’t have a lot of friends o many friends

II pron

1 singular a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

no tengo mucho I don’t have much o a lot

2 plural a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

many;

no tengo muchos I don’t have many o a lot;

muchos creen que … a lot of people o many people think that …

III adv

1 a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb

much;

¿cuesta mucho? does it cost a lot o much?;

nos vemos mucho we see each other often o a lot;

hace mucho que no te veo I haven’t seen you for a long time;

¿dura/tarda mucho? does it last/take long?

2

:

como mucho at the most;

10 meses dan para mucho o

dan mucho de sí you can do a lot in 10 months;

no es ni con mucho he is far from being …;

ni mucho menos far from it;

por mucho que however much

* * *

mucho adv

1) : much, a lot

mucho más: much more

le gusta mucho: he likes it a lot

2) : long, a long time

tardó mucho en venir: he was a long time getting here

3)

por mucho que : no matter how much

mucho, - cha adj

1) : a lot of, many, much

mucha gente: a lot of people

hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo: I haven't seen him in ages

2)

muchas veces : often

mucho, - cha pron

1) : a lot, many, much

hay mucho que hacer: there is a lot to do

muchas no vinieron: many didn't come

2)

cuando mucho or

como mucho : at most

3)

con mucho : by far

4)

ni mucho menos : not at all, far from it

* * *

mucho¹ adj

1. (en general) a lot of / lots of

como mucho queso I eat a lot of cheese

lee muchos libros he reads a lot of books lots of es lo mismo que a lot of, pero un poco más familiar

como mucho queso I eat lots of cheese Much es singular y suele sustituir a lot of en frases negativas e interrogativas

no tenemos mucho tiempo we haven't got much time

¿ganas mucho dinero? do you earn much money? many es plural y suele sustituir a lot of en frases negativas e interrogativas

no tiene muchos amigos he hasn't got many friends

¿marcaste muchos goles? did you score many goals?

2. (otras expresiones) very

hace mucho calor it's very hot

tengo muchas ganas de verte I'm really looking forward to seeing you

mucho² adv

1. (en general) a lot

esta planta ha crecido mucho this plant has grown a lot

los atletas se entrenan mucho athletes train a lot

me gusta mucho I like it a lot

trabajamos mucho we work hard

lo siento mucho I'm very sorry / I'm really sorry

2. (comparaciones) much

era mucho más fácil de lo que pensaba it was much easier than I thought

comes mucho más que yo you eat much more than me

3. (mucho tiempo) a long time

hace mucho que no te veo I haven't see you for a long time

como mucho at the most

ni con mucho nowhere near as

ni mucho menos far from

no está acabado, ni mucho menos it is far from finished

por mucho que however much

mucho³ pron

1. (en singular frases afirmativas) a lot

aún me queda mucho por hacer I've still got a lot left to do

2. (en singular frases negativas e interrogativas) much / a lot

no es mucho lo que pides you're not asking for much

3. (con plurales) many / a lot

muchos de sus amigos acudieron many of his friends came

Spanish-English dictionary > mucho
10 più

1. adv more (di, che than)

superlativo most

mathematics plus

più grande bigger

il più grande the biggest

di più more

non più no more

tempo no longer

più o meno more or less

per di più what's more

mai più never again

al più presto as soon as possible

al più tardi at the latest

2. adj more

superlativo most

più volte several times

3. m most

mathematics plus sign

per lo più mainly

i più, le più the majority

* * *

più agg.compar.invar.

1 more: occorre più pane oggi, we need more bread today; il sabato c'è più gente in giro, there are more people around on Saturdays; loro hanno più problemi di noi, they have more problems than we have; ci sono più stranieri quest'anno, there are more foreigners this year; all'andata abbiamo impiegato più tempo che al ritorno, it took us longer going than coming back // porta più amici che puoi, bring as many friends as you can // avere più sonno che fame, to be more tired than hungry // la più parte, the most part // di più, ( in maggior numero) more: oggi le auto sono molte di più di una volta, there are many more cars now than there used to be // meno parole e più fatti!, stop talking and get on with it! // a più (+ s.), multi-: (econ.) a più stadi, ( multifase) multistage; a più prodotti, ( a produzione diversificata) multi-product

2 ( parecchi, parecchie) several: te l'ho detto più volte, I've told you several times; mi fermerò più giorni, I'll stay several days

◆ s.m.

1 (con valore di compar.) more: più di così non posso fare, I can't do more than this; ha bevuto più del solito, he drank more than usual; ci vorranno non più di tre giorni per ottenere l'autorizzazione, it won't take more than three days to get permission

2 (con valore di superl.) (the) most: il più è fatto, most of it is done; il più è incominciare, the most important thing is to get started // il più è che..., and what is more... (o and moreover...) // vorrei ricavare il più possibile da quella vendita, I'd like to get as much as possible out of the sale // parlare del più e del meno, to talk about nothing in particular

3 (mat.) plus: il segno del più, the plus sign

4 ( la maggioranza) the majority: i più approvarono la proposta, the majority approved of the proposal; seguire il parere dei più, to follow the majority // passare nel numero dei più, to pass away.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: più di una volta, more than once // al più, tutt'al più, at the most // né più né meno, neither more nor less: è né più né meno che la verità, it's neither more nor less than the truth (o it's the absolute truth) // per lo più, ( per la maggior parte) mostly (o for the most part); ( di solito) usually: per lo più la domenica sto in casa, I usually stay at home on Sundays; erano per lo più asiatici, they were mostly Asians // per di più, besides, moreover; furthermore; what's more: non mi aiuta e per di più mi impedisce di lavorare, he doesn't help me and, what's more, he stops me working // tanto più che, all the more so because: ti conviene accettare, tanto più che il lavoro ti piace, you had better accept, all the more so because you like the work // e che dire di più?, what more (o what else) can I say? // ha più di vent'anni, he's over twenty // per non dir di più, to say the least.

più avv.compar.

1 ( in maggior quantità o grado) more; ( in frasi negative) no more; ( in presenza di altra negazione) any more: dovresti dormire di più, you should sleep more; questo mese abbiamo speso di più, we've spent more this month; abbiamo solo due posti liberi, non di più, we only have two seats free, no more; tacque e non disse di più, he said no more; ''Vuoi ancora un po' di tè?'' ''No, grazie, non ne voglio più'', ''Will you have some more tea?'' ''No, thanks, I don't want any more'' // niente (di) più, nothing more (o nothing else) // un po' di più, some more // più o meno, more or less // chi più chi meno, more or less (o some more some less): chi più chi meno, tutti lo hanno criticato, everyone more or less criticized him

2 (nel compar. di maggioranza) more (con agg. e avv. polisillabi in inglese, nella maggior parte dei casi; nella comparazione tra due agg., siano essi polisillabi o monosillabi);...er (aggiunto come suffisso alla forma positiva di agg. e avv. monosillabi in ingl. o con bisillabi uscenti in y, er, ow, le): più lungo, longer; più facile, easier; più difficile, more difficult (o harder); più tardi, later; più lontano, più oltre, further (o farther) on; più presto, more quickly (o faster); più stretto, narrower; è più alto e più grosso di me, he's taller and bigger than I am (o than me); è più furbo che intelligente, he's more crafty than intelligent; sono stati più gentili di quanto pensassi, they were kinder than I expected; Londra è più grande di Parigi, London is bigger than Paris; non potresti trattarlo più gentilmente?, couldn't you treat him more kindly? (o couldn't you be nicer to him?); il viaggio è stato molto più lungo del previsto, the journey was much longer than expected; io lavoro molto più di lui, I work much harder than he does; ha dieci anni più della moglie, he is ten years older than his wife; entrambi i progetti sono validi, ma questo mi piace di più, both schemes are good, but I like this one better // due volte più grande di..., twice as big as...: mi occorre una casa due volte più grande di questa, I need a house twice as big as this // un risultato più che soddisfacente, a most satisfactory result; si è comportato in modo più che corretto, he behaved most correctly // più che mai, more than ever // sempre più, more and more;...er and...er: sempre più interessante, more and more interesting; sempre più ricco, richer and richer

3 (correl.) ( quanto) più..., ( tanto) più..., the more..., the more...; the... er, the...er; ( quanto) più..., ( tanto) meno..., the more..., the less...; the...er, the less...: più lo guardo, più mi piace, the more I look at it, the more I like it; più lo si sgrida, meno si ottiene, the more you shout (o scold), the less you get out of him; più lo vedo, meno mi piace, the more I see of him, the less I like him; più si studia, più s'impara, the more you study, the more you learn; più difficile è l'avversario, più interessante sarà l'incontro, the harder the opponent, the more interesting the match

4 (nel superl. rel.) the most; ( tra due) the more (usati con agg. e avv. polisillabi in ingl., nella maggior parte dei casi) the...est, ( tra due) the...er (uniti come suffissi alla forma positiva di agg. e avv. monosillabi): il giorno più lungo, the longest day; la via più facile, the easiest way; è la più bella, la più carina, she is the most beautiful (o the best-looking), the nicest (o the prettiest); è l'uomo più generoso che conosca, he is the most generous man I know; la città più grande del mondo, the biggest city in the world; l'attore più famoso del momento, the most famous actor of the moment; è il più intelligente dei due fratelli, he's the cleverer of the (two) brothers; il più agguerrito dei due avversari, the tougher of the (two) opponents; tra tutti i televisori ha scelto quello più costoso, out of all the television sets he chose the most expensive one // cercherò di tornare il più presto possibile, I'll try to get back as soon as possible // ciò che più importa, the most important thing (o what is most important)

5 (in frasi negative, per indicare che un'azione o un fatto è cessato o cesserà, con valore di non più) no longer, not any longer, not any more; (letter.) no more: era una donna non più giovane, she was no longer young; non voglio vederlo ( mai) più, I don't want to see him any more (o I never want to see him again); non c'è più tempo per riflettere, there's no more time to think about it; non abitano più qui, si sono trasferiti, they don't live here any longer (o any more), they've moved; non frequenta più l'università, he doesn't go to university any more; vedi di non farlo più, see you don't do it again // non è più, he has passed away // mai più!, never again! // non ne posso più, ( sono sfinito) I'm exhausted; ( sono al limite della sopportazione) I'm at the end of my tether (o I can't take any more o I can't stand it any more) // a più non posso, all out: correre a più non posso, to run all out

6 (mat.) plus: due più due fa quattro, two plus two is four (o two and two are four); il termometro segna più 18, the thermometer reads plus 18 // ho speso dieci euro in più, I spent ten euros more // eravamo (in) più di cento, there were more than (o over) a hundred of us // uno più uno meno, one more one less // giorno più giorno meno, one day more or less

◆ prep. ( oltre a) plus: eravamo in cinque più il cane, there were five of us plus the dog; 1000 euro più le spese, 1000 euros, plus expenses.

* * *
[pju]
1. avv

1)

(tempo: usato al negativo) non... più — no longer, no more, not... any more

non lavora più — he doesn't work any more, he no longer works

non ha più detto una parola — he didn't say another word

non c'è più bisogno che... — there's no longer any need for...

non riesco più a sopportarla — I can't stand her any more o any longer

non ne posso più! — I can't take any more!

non ritornerò mai più — I'll never come back

non è più così giovane — he is not as young as he was

2)

(quantità: usato al negativo) non...più — no more

non abbiamo più vino/soldi — we have no more wine/money, we haven't got any wine/money (left)

non ce n'è più — there isn't any left

non ce n'è quasi più — there's hardly any

non c'è più nessuno — there's no one left

non c'è più niente da fare — there's nothing else to do, there's nothing more to be done

3) (uso comparativo) more, aggettivo corto +...er

più bello — more beautiful

più elegante — smarter, more elegant

parla più forte! — speak up!

e chi più ne ha, più ne metta! — and so on and so forth!

è più furbo che capace — he's cunning rather than able

è più che intelligente — he's clever to say the least

noi lavoriamo più di loro — we work more o harder than they do

mi piace più di ogni altra cosa al mondo — I like it better o more than anything else in the world

non guadagna più di me — he doesn't earn any more than me

è più intelligente di te — he is more intelligent than you (are)

è più povero di te — he is poorer than you (are)

cammina più veloce di me — she walks more quickly than me o than I do

non ce n'erano più di 15 — there were no more than 15

ha più di 70 anni — she is over 70

è a più di 10 km da qui — it's more than o over 10 km from here

più di uno gli ha detto che... — several people have told him that...

si fa sempre più difficile — it is getting more and more difficult

due volte più grande del mio — twice as big as mine

4)

di più, in più, — more

ne voglio di più — I want some more

3 ore/litri di più che — 3 hours/litres more than

una volta di più — once more

ci sono 3 persone in più — there are 3 more o extra people

mi ha dato 3 pacchetti in più — he gave me 3 more o extra packets, (troppi) he gave me 3 packets too many

e in più fa anche... — and in addition to o on top of that he also...

5) (uso superlativo) most, aggettivo corto +...est

la più bella del mondo — the most beautiful in the world

il più bravo di tutta la classe — the best in the class

il più veloce di tutti — the fastest of all

è ciò che ho di più caro — it's the thing I hold dearest

è quello che mi piace di più — it's the one I like the most o best

ciò che mi ha colpito di più — the thing that struck me most

fare qc il più in fretta possibile — to do sth as quickly as possible

è il programma che guardo più spesso — it's the programme I watch most often

6) Mat plus

2 più 2 fa 4 — 2 plus 2 equals 4

più due — (gradi) plus two, two degrees above freezing o above zero

7)

(fraseologia) a più non posso — as much as possible

urlava a più non posso — she was shouting at the top of her voice

al più presto — as soon as possible

al più tardi — at the latest

più che altro — above all

più che mai — more than ever

chi più chi meno hanno tutti contribuito — everybody made a contribution of some sort

più o meno — more or less

avrà più o meno 30 anni — he must be about 30

sarò lì più o meno alle 4 — I'll be there about 4 o'clock

minuto più minuto meno — give or take a minute

né più né meno — no more, no less

né più né meno come sua madre — just like her mother

e per di più — (inoltre) and what's more, moreover

tanto più che non sai neppure parlare l'inglese — all the more so as you can't even speak English

2. agg

1) (comparativo) more, (superlativo) the most

chi ha più voti di tutti? — who has the most votes?

più gente viene meglio è — the more the merrier

ci sono più macchine — there are more cars

ci vuole più sale — it needs more salt

2) (molti, parecchi) several

abbiamo discusso per più ore — we argued for several hours

3. prep

plus

i genitori, più i figli — parents plus o and their children

4. sm inv

1) Mat plus (sign)

2)

(la parte maggiore) il più — the most

ottenere il più possibile — to get the best possible

tutt'al più o al più possiamo andare al cinema — if the worst comes to the worst we can always go to the cinema

il più delle volte — more often than not, generally

il più ormai è fatto — the worst is over, most of it is already done

parlare del più e del meno — to talk about this and that

per lo più — perlopiù

3)

i più — the majority

i più pensano così — most people think so

la reazione dei più — the reaction of the majority

* * *
[pju] 1.
avverbio

1) (comparativo di maggioranza) more

è più vecchio di me — he's older than me

è più bello di Luca — he's more handsome than Luca

non è più onesto di lei — he is no more honest than her

molto più difficile — much more difficult

sempre più veloce — faster and faster

sempre più interessante — more and more interesting

tre volte più lungo di — three times longer than o as long as

mangia più di me — she eats more than I do o more than me

mangia due volte più di lui — she eats twice as much as he does

2) (superlativo relativo)

(il) più, (la) più, (i) più, (le) più — the most

è il più caro — it's the most expensive

è il più simpatico di tutti — he's the nicest of all

al più presto possibile — as early as possible

quale parte del libro ti è piaciuta di più? — which part of the book did you like most?

3) (piuttosto)

più che uno stimolo è un freno — it's more of a discouragement than an incentive

più che un avvertimento è una minaccia — it isn't so much a warning as a threat

4) (in costruzioni correlative)

si è comportato più o meno come gli altri — he behaved much the way the others did

la canzone fa più o meno così — the song goes something like this

più o meno piace a tutti — everybody likes it more or less

né più, né meno — neither more, nor less

più studio questa materia, più difficile diventa — the more I study this subject, the more difficult it becomes

più lo vedo e meno mi piace — the more I see him, the less I like him

5) non... più (tempo) no longer, no more; (in presenza di altra negazione) any longer, any more; (quantità) no more; (in presenza di altra negazione) any more

non fuma più — he doesn't smoke any more o any longer

non abitano più qui — they no longer live here

non più di 5 persone per volta — no more than 5 people at any one time

non più tardi delle 6 — no later than 6

non c'è più pane — there is no more bread, there's no bread left

non ne voglio più — I don't want any more

non lo farò mai più — I'll never do it again

6) di più (in quantità, qualità maggiore)

una volta di più — once more o again

allontanarsi sempre di più — to get farther and farther away

spazientirsi sempre di più — to grow more and more impatient

me ne serve di più — I need more of it

è attivo quanto lei, se non di più — he is just as active as her, if not more so o or even more so; (con valore superlativo)

loro soffrono di più — they suffer (the) worst

quel che mi manca di più — what I miss most

7) non di più

cinque minuti, non di più — five minutes, no longer

non un soldo di più — not a penny more

8) niente di più

è carina, niente di più — she's nice looking but nothing special

9) in più

mi dia due mele in più — give me two more apples

ci abbiamo messo 2 ore in più dell'ultima volta — it took us 2 hours longer than last time

10) per di più moreover, furthermore, what's more

11) tutt'al più at the most

12) più che

pratico più che decorativo — practical rather than decorative

ce n'è più che a sufficienza — there's more than enough

più che mai — more than ever before
2.
aggettivo invariabile

1) (in maggiore quantità) more

più... che, più... di — more... than

mangia più pane di me — he eats more bread than me

offrire più possibilità — to offer more opportunities

2) (parecchi)

più volte, persone — several times, people

3) (con valore di superlativo relativo) most

è quello che ha più esperienza — he is the one with the most experience

chi prenderà più voti? — who will get (the) most votes?
3.
preposizione

1) (oltre a) plus, besides

2) mat. plus

due più sei fa otto — two plus six is eight
4.
sostantivo maschile invariabile

1) (la maggior parte) most

il più è fatto — most (of it) is done

il più è convincerlo — the main thing o the most difficult thing is to persuade him

2) mat. (segno) plus (sign)
5.
sostantivo maschile plurale i più (la maggioranza) most people

••

parlare del più e del meno — to talk about this and that

* * *

più

/pju/

I avverbio

1 (comparativo di maggioranza) more; è più vecchio di me he's older than me; è più bello di Luca he's more handsome than Luca; non è più onesto di lei he is no more honest than her; molto più difficile much more difficult; sempre più veloce faster and faster; sempre più interessante more and more interesting; tre volte più lungo di three times longer than o as long as; mangia più di me she eats more than I do o more than me; mangia due volte più di lui she eats twice as much as he does

2 (superlativo relativo) (il) più, (la) più, (i) più, (le) più the most; è il più caro it's the most expensive; è il più simpatico di tutti he's the nicest of all; al più presto possibile as early as possible; quale parte del libro ti è piaciuta di più? which part of the book did you like most?

3 (piuttosto) più che uno stimolo è un freno it's more of a discouragement than an incentive; più che un avvertimento è una minaccia it isn't so much a warning as a threat

4 (in costruzioni correlative) si è comportato più o meno come gli altri he behaved much the way the others did; la canzone fa più o meno così the song goes something like this; più o meno piace a tutti everybody likes it more or less; né più, né meno neither more, nor less; più studio questa materia, più difficile diventa the more I study this subject, the more difficult it becomes; più lo vedo e meno mi piace the more I see him, the less I like him

5 non... più (tempo) no longer, no more; (in presenza di altra negazione) any longer, any more; (quantità) no more; (in presenza di altra negazione) any more; non fuma più he doesn't smoke any more o any longer; non abitano più qui they no longer live here; non più di 5 persone per volta no more than 5 people at any one time; non più tardi delle 6 no later than 6; non c'è più pane there is no more bread, there's no bread left; non ne voglio più I don't want any more; non lo farò mai più I'll never do it again

6 di più (in quantità, qualità maggiore) una volta di più once more o again; allontanarsi sempre di più to get farther and farther away; spazientirsi sempre di più to grow more and more impatient; me ne serve di più I need more of it; è attivo quanto lei, se non di più he is just as active as her, if not more so o or even more so; (con valore superlativo) loro soffrono di più they suffer (the) worst; quel che mi manca di più what I miss most

7 non di più cinque minuti, non di più five minutes, no longer; non un soldo di più not a penny more

8 niente di più è carina, niente di più she's nice looking but nothing special

9 in più mi dia due mele in più give me two more apples; ci abbiamo messo 2 ore in più dell'ultima volta it took us 2 hours longer than last time

10 per di più moreover, furthermore, what's more

11 tutt'al più at the most

12 più che pratico più che decorativo practical rather than decorative; ce n'è più che a sufficienza there's more than enough; più che mai more than ever before

II aggettivo invariabile

1 (in maggiore quantità) more; più... che, più... di more... than; mangia più pane di me he eats more bread than me; offrire più possibilità to offer more opportunities

2 (parecchi) più volte, persone several times, people

3 (con valore di superlativo relativo) most; è quello che ha più esperienza he is the one with the most experience; chi prenderà più voti? who will get (the) most votes?

III preposizione

1 (oltre a) plus, besides

2 mat. plus; due più sei fa otto two plus six is eight

IV m.inv.

1 (la maggior parte) most; il più è fatto most (of it) is done; il più è convincerlo the main thing o the most difficult thing is to persuade him

2 mat. (segno) plus (sign)

V i più m.pl.

(la maggioranza) most people

IDIOMS

parlare del più e del meno to talk about this and that.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > più
11 por

prep.

1 because of (causa).

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me

¿por qué? why?

¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?

¿por? (informal) why?

se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love

2 (in order) to.

lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you

lo hice por ella I did it for her

3 by (medio, modo, agente).

por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone

estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone

por escrito in writing

lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm

el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete

4 through.

vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way

iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street

pasar por la aduana to go through customs

5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).

lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little

cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike

él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me

6 per.

80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents each

mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week

uno por uno one by one

20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour

7 for.

baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes

a por for

vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets

8 times, multiplied by.

* * *

por

► preposición

1 (gen) for

■ lo hice por ti I did it for you

■ lo compré por dos euros I bought it for two euros

2 (a través de) through, by

■ entra por la puerta trasera come in by the back door

■ pasamos por Valladolid we went through Valladolid

■ iremos por la autopista we'll go on the motorway

3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up

■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...

■ subí por la Calle Jovellanos I went up Jovellanos Street

4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round

■ anda por el edificio he's somewhere in the building

■ está por la Plaza Mayor it's somewhere near the Plaza Mayor

■ está por aquí it's somewhere round here

5 (causa) because of

■ las plantas han muerto por el frío the plants have died because of the cold

■ suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia they cancelled the concert because of the rain

6 (tiempo) at, for

■ nos veremos por vacaciones I'll see you during the holidays

7 (medio) by

■ lo enviaré por avión I'll send it by air

■ está hablando por teléfono he's on the phone

■ llegó por correo it arrived by post

8 (autoría) by

■ fue escrito por Azorín it was written by Azorín

9 (distribución) per

■ cinco por ciento five per cent

■ tocamos a dieciocho euros por persona it works out at eighteen euros per person

■ iba a veinte kilómetros por hora it was going at twenty kilometres an hour

10 (tras) by

■ registraron la cárcel celda por celda they searched the prison cell by cell

■ les interrogó uno por uno he interrogated each one in turn

11 (con pasiva) by

■ fue comprado por la reina it was bought by the queen

12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of

■ estoy por una amnistía general I'm in favour of a general amnesty

13 (en calidad de) as

■ la tomó por esposa he took her as his wife

14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of

■ ve tú por mi you go in my place

15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by

■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve

16 por adjective que no matter how adjective

■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it

■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing

estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet

por aquí around here

por lo tanto therefore

por lo visto apparently

por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much

por mí as far as I am concerned

¿por qué? why?

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore, so

* * *

prep.

1) for

2) during

3) by

4) through

5) along

6) around

7) per

8) from

9) because of

10) instead of

•

- ¿por qué?

- por si acaso

* * *

PREPOSICIÓN

1) [causa]

a) + sustantivo because of

tuvo que suspenderse por el mal tiempo — it had to be cancelled because of the weather

no se realizó por escasez de fondos — it didn't go ahead because of a shortage of funding

• nos encontramos por casualidad — we met by chance

• lo hago por gusto — I do it because I like to

• fue por necesidad — it was out of necessity

• por temor a — for fear of

no se lo dijo por temor a ofenderla — he didn't tell her for fear of offending her

b) + infin

no aprobó por no haber estudiado — he didn't pass because he hadn't studied

por venir tarde se perdió la mitad — because he arrived late he missed half of it

me castigaron por mentir — I was punished for lying

c) + adj

le expulsaron por revoltoso — they expelled him for being a troublemaker

lo dejó por imposible — he gave it up as (being) impossible

esto te pasa por tonto — this is what you get for being stupid

2) [objetivo]

a) + sustantivo for

trabajar por dinero — to work for money

daría lo que fuera por un poco de tranquilidad — I'd give anything for a bit of peace and quiet

brindemos por nuestro futuro — let's drink to our future

b) + infin

lo hizo por complacerle — he did it to please her

por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

hablar por hablar — to talk for the sake of talking

3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

lo hice por mis padres — I did it for my parents

hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

luchar por la patria — to fight for one's country

4) [elección]

su amor por la pintura — his love of painting

está loca por ti — she's crazy about you

no sabía por cuál decidirme — I couldn't decide which to choose

5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

por lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say

por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

6) [medio]

por su propia mano — by his own hand

lo obtuve por un amigo — I got it through a friend

la conozco por mi hermano — I know her through my brother

• por correo — by post

• por mar — by sea

• hablar por señas — to use sign language

7) [agente] by

hecho por él — done by him

"dirigido por" — "directed by"

fueron apresados por la policía — they were captured by the police

8) [modo] by

me agarró por el brazo — he grabbed me by the arm

punto por punto — point by point

buscaron casa por casa — they searched house by house

están dispuestos por tamaños — they are arranged according to size o by size

• por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

9) [lugar]

se va por ahí — it's that way

¿por dónde? — which way?

ir a Bilbao por Santander — to go to Bilbao via Santander

cruzar la frontera por Canfranc — to cross the border at Canfranc

pasar por Madrid — to go through Madrid

se asomaron por la ventana — they leaned out of the window

iban cantando por la calle — they were walking along the street singing

paseábamos por la playa — we were walking along the beach

por todas partes — everywhere

por todo el país — throughout the country

viajar por el mundo — to travel (around) the world

10) [aproximación]

busca por ahí — look over there

viven por esta zona — they live around here

por aquí cerca — near o around here

aquello ocurrió por abril — it happened around April

por la feria — round about o around carnival time

está por el norte — it's somewhere up north

11) [tiempo]

se levanta por la mañana temprano — she gets up early in the morning

por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning

no sale por la noche — he doesn't go out at night

12) [duración] for

será por poco tiempo — it won't be for long

se quedarán por 15 días — they will stay for a fortnight

13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of

te doy este por aquel — I'll swap you this one for that one

le dieron uno nuevo por el viejo — they gave him a new one (in exchange) for the old one

lo vendí por 15 dólares — I sold it for 15 dollars

me dieron 13 francos por una libra — I got 13 francs to the pound

hoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place

ha puesto B por V — he has put B instead of V

14) [representación]

hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone

interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

diputado por Madrid — a member of parliament for Madrid

vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss

15) [distribución]

10 dólares por hora — 10 dollars an hour

80km por hora — 80km per o an hour

revoluciones por minuto — revolutions per minute

tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

16) [en multiplicaciones]

cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

mide 6 metros de alto por 4 de ancho — it is 6 metres high by 4 wide

17) (=en cuanto a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

18) (=como)

• tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

• le dan por muerto — they have given him up for dead

• le tienen por tonto — they think he's stupid

19) [concesión]
+ subjun
por (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be

por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

20) [acción inacabada]
+ infin
quedan platos por lavar — there are still some dishes to do

aún me quedan tres páginas por traducir — I still have three pages left to translate

21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

ha ido (a) por vino — she's gone to get some wine

voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor

voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

¡a por ellos! — get them!

- ir a por todas

22) [en preguntas]
por qué why
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go
¿por? * why (do you ask)?
* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

----

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

preposición

Sentido I

1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

lo he puesto aquí por el gato — I've put it here because of the cat

por falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money

eso te pasa por crédulo — that's what you get for being (so) gullible

por naturaleza — by nature

por necesidad — out of necessity

tanto por su precio como por su calidad — both for its price and its quality

fue por eso que vine — that was why I came

si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

fue elogiado por su actuación — he was praised for his performance

por + inf — for -ing

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

2) ( según)

por lo que he oído — from what I've heard

por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

3) (en locs)

por qué — why

¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

4) ( en expresiones concesivas)

por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try

por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is

5)

a) ( en expresiones de modo)

colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

por orden de altura — in order of height

por adelantado — in advance

por escrito — in writing

b) ( indicando el medio)

se lo comunicaron por teléfono — they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio — they said it on the radio

por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

la conocí por la voz — I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend

lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way

c) (Educ) from

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford — he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

6)

a) ( en relaciones de proporción)

cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro — they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres — you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres — there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho — it's three meters long by one meter wide

es bastante por hoy — it's enough for today

uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

b) ( en multiplicaciones)

tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

7)

a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for

su secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place

podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

es senador por Sevilla — he's a senator for Seville

b) ( como)

por ejemplo — for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

8) ( introduciendo el agente) by

compuesto por Mozart — composed by Mozart

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta — they were caught in a sudden storm

Sentido II

9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

pelearse por algo — to fight over something

lo hace por el dinero — he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien — I'm telling you for your own good

no tengo por qué ir — there's no reason why I should go

por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

no entré por no molestar — I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

lucharon por que se hiciera justicia — they fought for justice to be done

10) (indicando consideración, favor) for

por mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake

11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

su amor por la música — her love of music

demostró interés por el cuadro — he showed interest in the painting

no siento nada por él — I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir — I chose not to go

votó por ella — he voted for her

12) ( en busca de)

salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

13) ( en lo que respecta a)

por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind

por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

14) ( indicando una situación pendiente)

por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer — these changes are yet to be made

eso está por ver! — we'll see about that!

15) (esp AmL)

estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

deben (de) estar por llegar — they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir — the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

entró por la ventana — he came in through the window

no va a pasar por la puerta — it won't go through the door

sal por aquí — go out this way

se cayó por la escalera — he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este — they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo — we took the longer route

¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

17)

a) ( expresando lugar indeterminado)

está por ahí — he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

viven por mi barrio — they live around my area

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

b) ( expresando lugar determinado)

corta por aquí — cut here

voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio — start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango — hold it by the handle

c) ( indicando extensión)

por todo el país — throughout the (whole) country

viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France

pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

Sentido IV

18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)

por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

sucedió allá por 1960 — it happened some time back around 1960

19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños — she gave it to me for my birthday

20) ( durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos — for ever and ever

por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

* * *

= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.

Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.

Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.

Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.

Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.

Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.

Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.

Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.

Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.

Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.

Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.

Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.

Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.

Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.

Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.

Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.

Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.

Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.

* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.

* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).

* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.

* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.

* coger por sorpresa = catch out.

* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.

* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.

* encontrar por casualidad = come across.

* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.

* error por omisión = omission failure.

* estar por delante de = be ahead of.

* hecho por encargo = bespoke.

* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.

* leer por encima = browse.

* llamar por teléfono = call up.

* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.

* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.

* ordenado por fecha = in date order.

* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.

* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.

* por accidente = accidentally.

* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].

* por ahí = out there.

* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.

* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.

* por algún tiempo = for sometime.

* por allí = nearby [near-by].

* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por analogía = by analogy.

* por anticipado = in advance (of).

* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.

* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.

* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.

* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.

* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.

* por así decir = as it were.

* por boca de = by word of mouth.

* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.

* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.

* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.

* por cabeza = per person.

* por cable = wireline, corded.

* por caminos apartados = off-road.

* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.

* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.

* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).

* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.

* por coincidencia = by coincidence.

* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por completo = fully.

* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.

* por consideración a = out of respect for.

* por consideración a = out of consideration for.

* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.

* por contra = in contrast.

* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.

* por correo = by post, mailed.

* por cortesía de = courtesy of.

* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.

* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.

* por cuanto que = because.

* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.

* por cuenta de uno = privately.

* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.

* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.

* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.

* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.

* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.

* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.

* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.

* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.

* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.

* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].

* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.

* por décadas = ten-yearly.

* por decidir = to be decided.

* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.

* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.

* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.

* por decisión propia = by choice.

* por defecto = by default, default.

* por deferencia a = in deference to.

* por definición = by definition.

* por delante = ahead.

* por delante de = ahead of.

* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.

* por delante y por detrás = front and back.

* por dentro = inwardly.

* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.

* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.

* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.

* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por divertirse = for kicks.

* por doquier = all around.

* por dos años = two-year.

* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.

* por (el) amor a = for the love of.

* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.

* por el detalle = for detail.

* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.

* por el día o por la noche = day or night.

* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.

* por el gobierno federal = federally.

* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.

* por el hombre = humanly.

* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.

* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.

* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.

* por el modo = by the way.

* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.

* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.

* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.

* por el receptor = at the receiving end.

* por el sexo = gendered.

* por encargo = custom, bespoke.

* por encima = overhead, cursorily.

* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.

* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.

* por encima de eso = beyond that.

* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.

* por encima de la media = above average.

* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.

* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.

* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.

* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.

* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.

* por enfado = out of anger.

* por enojo = out of anger.

* por error = by mistake.

* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.

* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.

* por eso = on that score, therefore.

* por eso que = hence.

* por esta razón = for this reason.

* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.

* por este motivo = for this reason.

* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.

* por etapas = staged.

* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.

* por exceso = excessively, to excess.

* por explotar = untapped.

* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.

* por extensión = by extension.

* por extenso = in full, at length.

* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.

* por fases = staged.

* por favor = please.

* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].

* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.

* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).

* por frustración = out of frustration.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* por grupos = in batches.

* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por hora = hourly.

* por horas = on an hourly basis.

* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).

* por imitación = copycat.

* por incremento gradual = incremental.

* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

* por individuo = per capita, per person.

* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.

* por instinto = instinctively.

* por interés = out of interest.

* por interés personal = self-interested.

* por investigar = unresearched.

* por invitación = invitational.

* por invitación de = at the invitation of.

* por la borda = overboard.

* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por la forma = by the way.

* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.

* por la fuerza = forcibly.

* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.

* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.

* por la manera = by the way.

* por la mañana = in the morning.

* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.

* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.

* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.

* por la presente = hereby.

* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.

* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.

* por las nubes = soaring.

* por la tarde = in the evening.

* por ley = mandated.

* por libre = freelance.

* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.

* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.

* por lo pronto = for the time being.

* por lo que = so.

* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.

* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.

* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.

* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.

* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.

* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.

* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.

* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.

* por los suelos = in tatters.

* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.

* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.

* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.

* por mal camino = astray.

* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por materias = subject-based, topically.

* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.

* por medio = out of.

* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.

* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.

* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.

* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.

* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.

* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.

* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.

* por menús = menu-driven.

* por méritos = meritorious.

* por mes = per month.

* por miedo de = for fear of/that.

* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.

* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.

* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.

* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.

* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.

* por muchas razones = in many ways.

* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.

* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.

* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.

* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.

* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.

* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.

* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.

* por nada = for nothing.

* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.

* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.

* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.

* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.

* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.

* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.

* por no decir nunca = if ever.

* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.

* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.

* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.

* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.

* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.

* por no mencionar = not to mention.

* por norma = as a rule.

* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.

* por orden de = mandated.

* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.

* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.

* por orden numérico = in numerical order.

* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.

* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.

* por parejas = in pairs.

* por parte de = on the part of.

* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.

* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por pereza = lazily.

* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.

* por persona = per person.

* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por poco dinero = cheaply.

* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.

* por poderes = by proxy.

* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.

* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.

* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.

* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.

* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.

* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.

* por principio = on principle.

* por principios = as a matter of principle.

* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.

* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.

* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.

* por pura diversión = for kicks.

* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* por qué = why.

* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.

* por razones de = for the sake of.

* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.

* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.

* por razones morales = on moral grounds.

* por razones personales = for personal reasons.

* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.

* por rencor = out of spite.

* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.

* por rumores = grapevine.

* por rutina = routinely.

* por sacos = by the sackful.

* por satélite = satellite-based.

* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.

* por seguridad = for safety reasons.

* por semana = per week.

* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.

* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.

* por sexo = along gender lines.

* por si = in the chance that.

* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.

* por si casualidad = in the chance that.

* por si era poco = for good measure.

* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.

* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.

* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.

* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.

* por sí mismos = in themselves.

* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.

* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].

* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.

* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* por sorpresa = unawares.

* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.

* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.

* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.

* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.

* por su papel = in its role.

* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.

* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.

* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.

* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.

* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.

* por su volatilidad = mercurially.

* por su volubilidad = mercurially.

* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.

* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.

* por temas = topically.

* por temor a = for fear of/that.

* por temor a represalias = under duress.

* por término medio = on average.

* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].

* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.

* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].

* por toda la provincia = province-wide.

* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.

* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.

* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].

* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.

* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].

* por todo el continente = continent-wide.

* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].

* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.

* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.

* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.

* por todo el servicio = service-wide.

* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.

* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.

* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.

* por todos conocido = well-known.

* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.

* por todos los medios = by all means.

* por todos sitios = everywhere.

* por triplicado = in triplicate.

* por trueque = in kind.

* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.

* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.

* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.

* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.

* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.

* por unanimidad = unanimously.

* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.

* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.

* por unidad = per unit.

* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.

* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.

* por un momento = for a moment.

* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.

* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.

* por uno solo = solo.

* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.

* por un tiempo = for a time.

* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.

* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.

* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.

* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.

* por venganza = out of spite.

* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.

* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.

* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.

* transporte por tierra = land transport.

* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.

* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

* * *

por

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

Sentido I

A en relaciones causales

B según

C ¿por qué?

D en locuciones

E en expresiones concesivas

F

1 en expresiones de modo

2 indicando el medio

3 Educación

G

1 en relaciones de proporción

2 en multiplicaciones

H

1 en relaciones de sustitución etc

2 por ejemplo

I como

Sentido II

A al expresar finalidad, objetivo

B indicando consideración, favor

C indicando inclinación, elección

D en busca de

E en lo que respecta a

F indicando una situación pendiente

G estar por

Sentido III

A indicando lugar de acceso, salida

B

expresando lugar indeterminado

C expresando lugar determinado

D indicando extensión

Sentido IV

A expresando tiempo aproximado

B indicando una ocasión

C durante

prep

Sentido I

A (en relaciones causales) because of

he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat

nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her

eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible

lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him

ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature

lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity

no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money

el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad

por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content

tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design

fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you

precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything

la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)

éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color

fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance

por + INF for -ING

me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me

eso

B (según) from

por lo que he oído from what I've heard

por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back

por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …

C ( fam):

¿por? why?

¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?

D ( en locuciones):

por qué why

¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?

¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?

por si in case

llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay

acaso, mosca² (↑ mosca (2))

E (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:

por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right

(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it

F

1

(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size

colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height

por adelantado in advance

por escrito in writing

2

(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio

lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea

por carretera by road

la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice

me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend

conocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancho

lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way

3 ( Educación):

es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford

un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada

G

1

(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour

lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter

tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people

había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women

tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide

ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today

los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time

examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point

ciento² (↑ ciento (2))

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

H

1

(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf

yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place

por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders

tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman

te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones

es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands

2

(como): por ejemplo for example

¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

I (introduciendo el agente) by

un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people

se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm

la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers

ver tb parte² f B. (↑ parte (2))

Sentido II

A

(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money

te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good

por + INF:

daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy

no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him

eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it

por QUE + SUBJ here por que can also be written porque:

estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him

recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement

siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done

B

(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you

intercede por nosotros intercede for us

por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake

C

(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music

demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him

opté por no ir I chose not to go

votó por ella he voted for her

¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?

se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion

estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb

D

(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

E

(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind

que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …

F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:

tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean

estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made

ver² vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))

G

( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute

la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil

Sentido III

A

(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window

sal por aquí go out this way

el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street

el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door

se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs

subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face

¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route

no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost

¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?

¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

B

(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere

¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?

viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area

hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages

¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?

C

(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here

voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15

empieza por el principio start at the beginning

agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle

D

(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it

la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country

estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France

fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach

pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe

ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera¹ adv A 1. (↑ fuera (1)), encima, por etc

Sentido IV

A

(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time

por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo

sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960

B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) for

me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday

por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter

C (durante) for

por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever

no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute

puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now

ver tb mañana³ (↑ mañana (3)), tarde² (↑ tarde (2)), noche

* * *

por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;
◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
◊ por qué why;

no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4
a) ( modo):

◊ colócalos por orden de tamaño put them in order of size;

por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writing
b) ( medio):

◊ se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone;

lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5
a) ( proporción):

◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b
b) ( en multiplicaciones):

◊ tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

6
a) ( sustitución) for;

◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
b) ( como):

◊ por ejemplo for example

7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
◊ compuesto por Mozart composed by Mozart

1 (finalidad, objetivo):
◊ pelearse por algo to fight over sth;

lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
◊ su amor por la música her love of music;

no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):
◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
◊ está por terminar he's about to finish;

deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1
a) ( lugar):

◊ entró por la ventana he came in through the window;

sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
◊ por un mes for a month;

por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
◊ me lo regaló por mi cumpleaños she gave it to me for my birthday

por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate

* * *

por prep

1. [indica causa] because of;

llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;

lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;

me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;

miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;

accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;

muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;

no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;

cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;

por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
Esp
fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;

eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;

la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;

¿por qué? why?;

¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;

¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
Fam
¿por? why?;

por si in case;

por si se te olvida in case you forget

2. [indica indicio]
por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;

por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;

por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently

3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;

* * *

por

prp

1 motivo for, because of;

lo hace por mí he does it for me;

lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;

luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;

por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;

vino por verme he came to see me

2 medio by;

por avión by air;

por correo by mail, Br

tb by post

3 tiempo

:

por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;

por la mañana in the morning;

por Navidad around Christmas

4 movimiento

:

por la calle down the street;

por un tunel through a tunnel;

por aquí this way

5 posición aproximada around, about;

está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);

vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town

6 cambio

:

por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;

por cabeza each, a head

7 otros usos

:

por hora an o per hour;

dos por dos two times two;

¿por qué? why?;

el motivo por el cual o

por el que … the reason why …;

esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;

tomar por esposa marry;

por difícil que sea however difficult it might be

* * *

por prep

1) : for, during

se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week

por el momento: for now, at the moment

2) : around, during

por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow

por la mañana: in the morning

3) : around (a place)

debe estar por allí: it must be over there

por todas partes: everywhere

4) : by, through, along

por la puerta: through the door

pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house

por la costa: along the coast

5) : for, for the sake of

lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother

¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!

6) : because of, on account of

llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic

dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible

7) : per

60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour

por docena: by the dozen

8) : for, in exchange for, instead of

su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf

9) : by means of

hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone

por escrito: in writing

10) : as for

por mí: as far as I'm concerned

11) : times

tres por dos son seis: three times two is six

12) según: from, according to

por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me

13) : as, for

por ejemplo: for example

14) : by

hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother

por correo: by mail

15) : for, in order to

lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect

16)

estar por : to be about to

17)

por ciento : percent

18)

por favor : please

19)

por lo tanto : therefore, consequently

20)

¿por qué? : why?

21)

por que porque

22)

por... que : no matter how

por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try

23)

por si or

por si acaso : just in case

* * *

por prep

1. (a través de) through

entra por la puerta de la derecha go in through the door on the right

por el bosque through the wood

2. (la calle) along / down

iba por la calle I was walking down the street

3. (indica camino) via / by

fuimos por la carretera comarcal we went by the B road

4. (indica una parte concreta) by

sujeta la cacerola por el asa hold the saucepan by its handle

5. (indica el tiempo)

por la mañana in the morning

por Navidades at Christmas

por la noche at night

por unos días for a few days

6. (a causa de) because of

suspendieron el concierto por la lluvia the concert was cancelled because of the rain

7. (a fin de) to / in order to

por complacer al padre in order to please her father

8. (indica el autor) by

el cuadro fue pintado por Picasso the picture was painted by Picasso

9. (en favor o defensa de) for

haría cualquier cosa por su hijo she'd do anything for her son

es por tu propio bien it's for your own good

10. (multiplicado) times

cuatro por cuatro son dieciséis four times four is sixteen

11. (a cambio de) for

lo compré por cien pesetas I bought it for a hundred pesetas

te doy este libro por esos sellos I'll give you this book for those stamps

12. (en vez de) instead of

ya jugaré yo por Jaime I'll play instead of Jaime

13. (indica que una acción todavía no está hecha)

las camas están por hacer the beds still have to be made

ir por / ir a por to fetch

¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!

por + adjetivo however + adjective

por barato que parezca however cheap it may seem

por mucho que te quejes however much you complain

por aquí (cerca) near here (indicando camino) this way

por ciento per cent

por correo by post

por fin at last

por la fuerza by force

por lo general generally / usually

por lo menos at least

por mí as far as I'm concerned

por si... in case...

por sorpresa by surprise

por supuesto of course

por tanto therefore

por teléfono on the telephone

¿por qué? why?

Spanish-English dictionary > por
12 como

adv.

1 as.

lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be done

me encanta como bailas I love the way you dance

lo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems

2 as.

como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…

3 as.

trabaja como bombero he works as a fireman

dieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance

4 about (aproximadamente).

me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos left

estamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way there

tiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange

5 like, as, such as, qua.

6 how, in which way.

7 some.

Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.

conj.

1 as, since (ya que).

como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left

2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)

como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble

3 that (que).

después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to you

prep.

1 like, as, just like, such as.

Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.

2 as to.

3 how to.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.

* * *

como

► adverbio

1 (modo) how

■ así fue como nos encontramos this is how we met

■ lo hizo como quiso he did it the way he wanted to

2 (comparación) as, like

■ negro como la noche as dark as night

■ camina como su madre he walks like his mother

■ hablas como un político you talk like a politician

3 (en calidad de) as

■ como director as director

■ como invitado as a guest

4 (según) as

■ como dice tu amigo as your friend says

5 familiar (aproximadamente) about

■ había como unos cien there were about a hundred

► conjunción

1 (así que) as

■ como llegaban se presentaban they introduced themselves as they arrived

2 (si) if

■ como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...

3 (porque) as, since

■ como llegamos tarde no pudimos entrar since we arrived late we couldn't get in

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

como quiera que (no importa cómo) however 2 (ya que) since, as, inasmuch as

como no sea que unless

como sea whatever happens, no matter what

como si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly well

como si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened

hacer como quien to pretend to +inf

■ hizo como quien estaba enfermo he pretended to be ill

hacer como si to pretend to +inf

■ hace como si no viese nada he's pretending not to see anything

tanto como eso no familiar not as much as that

* * *
1. conj.
1) as

2) like

3) if

4) since, given that
2. prep.
as, like

* * *

1. ADV

1) [indicando semejanza] like

tienen un perro como el nuestro — they've got a dog like ours

se portó como un imbécil — he behaved like an idiot

es como un pez — it's like a fish

juega como yo — he plays like me o like I do

como este hay pocos — there are few like this o him

sabe como a queso — it tastes a bit like cheese

blanco como la nieve — as white as snow

tuvo resultados como no se habían conocido antes — it had results such as had never been known before

2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such as

hay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon

tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability

3) [indicando modo]

a) + indic

lo hice como me habían enseñado — I did it as I had been taught

hazlo como te dijo ella — do it like * o the way she told you

toca como canta — she plays like * o the same way as she sings

no es como me lo imaginaba — it isn't as o like * I imagined it

prefiero como lo haces tú — I prefer it the way you do it

la manera como sucedió — the way (in which) it happened

fue así como comenzó — that was how it began

lo levanté como pude — I lifted it as best I could

• tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned it

b) + subjun

hazlo como quieras — do it however you want o like

hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can

• como sea — at all costs

tratan de mantenerse en el poder como sea — they will do whatever it takes to stay in power

está decidido a salvar como sea la vida del niño — he's determined to do whatever it takes to save the child's life

sea como sea — in any case

hay que evitar que nos eliminen sea como sea — we must avoid getting knocked out at all costs

4) (=en calidad de) as

lo usé como cuchara — I used it as a spoon

asistió como espectador — he attended as a spectator

lo dice como juez — he says it speaking as a judge

vale más como poeta — he is better as a poet

5) (=más o menos) about, around

había como cincuenta — there were about o around fifty

vino como a las dos — he came at about o around two

sentía como tristeza — she felt a sort o kind of sadness

6) [con valor causal]

libre como estaba — free as he was

2. CONJ

1) + indic (=ya que) as, since

como no tenía dinero — as o since I had no money

2) + indic (=según) as

como dice mi profesor — as my teacher says

como se ve en el gráfico — as you can see from the diagram

• tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things stand

tal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...

3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as

así como nos vio lanzó un grito — as soon as he saw us he shouted

4) + indic
(=que)
verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see

ya verás como no vienen — I bet they won't come

• de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurt

de tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most

5) + subjun (=si) if

como vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat

como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!

¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!

• como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...

no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema

6)

• como que — as if

¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!

¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!

hizo como que no nos veía — he pretended not to see us

al tragar nota como que le molesta — he shows discomfort when swallowing

7)

• como si — as if, as though

siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard

sentí como si fuera a caerme — I felt as if o as though I was about to fall

como si no hubiera pasado nada — as if o as though nothing had happened

se comporta como si me odiara — he behaves as if o as though he hated me

como si fuera a llover — as if o as though it was going to rain

8)

• como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!

tampoco es como para enfadarse tanto — there's no need to get so angry about it

9) CAm, Méx

a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost
así 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)
* * *
I
preposición

1)

a) ( en calidad de) as

quiero hablarte como amigo — I want to speak to you as a friend

el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

está considerado como lo mejor — he's considered (to be) the best

b) ( con el nombre de) as

se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

c) ( por ejemplo) like

en algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London

2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

uno como el tuyo — one like yours

pienso como tú — I agree with you

fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before

me trata como a un imbécil — he treats me like an idiot

no hay nada como un buen coñac! — there's nothing like a good brandy!

como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

3) (en locs)

así como — (frml) as well as

como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
II
conjunción

1) ( de la manera que) as

tal como había prometido — just as he had promised

como era de esperar — as was to be expected

como dice el refrán — as the saying goes

no me gustó como lo dijo — I didn't like the way she said it

(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like

como quiera que sea — no matter what

la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

2) ( puesto que) as, since

como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

3) (si) (+ subj) if

como te pille... — if I catch you...

4) ( en oraciones concesivas)

cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

5) ( que)

vimos como se los llevaban — we saw them being taken away

vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
III
adverbio

1) ( expresando aproximación) about

está como a cincuenta kilómetros — it's about fifty kilometers away

un sabor como a almendras — a kind of almondy taste

2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

* * *

= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.

Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.

Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.

Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.

Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.

Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.

Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.

Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.

Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.

Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.

Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.

Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.

Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.

Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.

Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.

----

* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.

* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.

* algo así como = something like.

* añádase cómo = expand like.

* así como = as, as well as.

* así como así = just like that.

* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....

* así es como = this is how.

* así es como es = that's how it is.

* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.

* como aclaración = in parenthesis.

* como algo natural = as a matter of course.

* como algo normal = as a matter of course.

* como algo opuesto a = as against.

* como algo residual = residually.

* como alternativa = as an alternative.

* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.

* como antes = as before.

* como apoyo a = in support of.

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).

* como base para = as a basis for.

* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.

* como cabía esperar = as expected.

* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.

* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.

* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.

* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).

* cómo conseguir = obtainability.

* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* como contrapartida = in return.

* como cooperativa = collegially.

* como corresponde = fittingly.

* como corresponde a = as befits.

* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.

* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.

* cómo demonios = how on earth.

* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.

* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.

* como diferente a = as distinct from.

* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.

* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.

* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.

* como el cuero = leathery.

* como el desierto = desert-like.

* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.

* como el fuego = like wildfire.

* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.

* como en casa = like home (away) from home.

* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.

* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.

* como era de esperar = as expected.

* como es debido = fittingly.

* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.

* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.

* como es habitual = as always.

* como es natural = not unnaturally.

* como es normal = as always.

* como esto = like this.

* como fecha final = at the very latest.

* como forma de vida = as a way of life.

* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.

* como grupo = collectively.

* como guía = for guidance.

* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.

* como la pólvora = like wildfire.

* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.

* como las empresas = business-like.

* como loca = like a madwoman.

* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.

* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.

* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.

* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.

* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.

* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.

* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.

* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* como muy tarde = at the latest.

* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.

* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.

* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....

* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.

* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.

* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.

* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.

* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.

* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.

* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.

* como parásito = parasitically.

* como persona que = as one who.

* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.

* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.

* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.

* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.

* como por encanto = magically.

* como poseído = as one possessed.

* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.

* como primera elección = as a first preference.

* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.

* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.

* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.

* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.

* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.

* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.

* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.

* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).

* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.

* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.

* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.

* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* cómo + ser = what + be like.

* como si = as though.

* como si dijéramos = as it were.

* como siempre = as always.

* como si fuese = as it were.

* como siga así = at this rate.

* como sigue = as follows.

* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.

* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.

* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.

* como sustituto de = in place of.

* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.

* como término medio = on average.

* como todo un caballero = sportingly.

* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.

* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.

* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.

* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.

* como una cebolla = onion-like.

* como una condenada = like a madwoman.

* como una descosida = like a madwoman.

* como una forma de = as a means of.

* como una metralladora = quick-fire.

* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.

* como un bobo = stupidly.

* como un bólido = like the clappers.

* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.

* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.

* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.

* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.

* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.

* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.

* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.

* como un estúpido = stupidly.

* como un experto = expertly.

* como un glaciar = glacially.

* como unidad global = as a whole.

* como un idiota = stupidly.

* como un loca = like a madwoman.

* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.

* como un método para = as a means of.

* como un modo de = as a way of.

* como un necio = stupidly.

* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.

* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.

* como un platillo = saucer-like.

* como un poseído = as one possessed.

* como un rayo = in a flash.

* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.

* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.

* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.

* como un televisor = television-type.

* como un todo = as a whole.

* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.

* como un torpe = foolishly.

* como un zombi = zombielike.

* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.

* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.

* como y cuando = as and when.

* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.

* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.

* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....

* conocerse como = be known as.

* dar como resultado = result (in).

* de cómo = as to how.

* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.

* el modo como = the way in which.

* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.

* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.

* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.

* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.

* para colmo = on top of everything else.

* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.

* proponer como principio = posit.

* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.

* seleccionar como relevante = hit.

* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.

* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.

* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.

* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.

* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).

* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).

* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.

* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.

* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.

* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).

* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.

* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.

* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.

* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.

* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.

* tomar como ejemplo = take.

* un poco como = kind of like.

* * *
I
preposición

1)

a) ( en calidad de) as

quiero hablarte como amigo — I want to speak to you as a friend

el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

está considerado como lo mejor — he's considered (to be) the best

b) ( con el nombre de) as

se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

c) ( por ejemplo) like

en algunos lugares como Londres — in some places such as o like London

2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

uno como el tuyo — one like yours

pienso como tú — I agree with you

fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

bailó como nunca — she danced as o like she'd never danced before

me trata como a un imbécil — he treats me like an idiot

no hay nada como un buen coñac! — there's nothing like a good brandy!

como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

3) (en locs)

así como — (frml) as well as

como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried
II
conjunción

1) ( de la manera que) as

tal como había prometido — just as he had promised

como era de esperar — as was to be expected

como dice el refrán — as the saying goes

no me gustó como lo dijo — I didn't like the way she said it

(tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

no voy - como quieras — I'm not going - please yourself o as you like

como quiera que sea — no matter what

la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

2) ( puesto que) as, since

como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

3) (si) (+ subj) if

como te pille... — if I catch you...

4) ( en oraciones concesivas)

cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

5) ( que)

vimos como se los llevaban — we saw them being taken away

vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see
III
adverbio

1) ( expresando aproximación) about

está como a cincuenta kilómetros — it's about fifty kilometers away

un sabor como a almendras — a kind of almondy taste

2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

* * *

= as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.

Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.

Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.

Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.

Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.

Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.

Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.

Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.

Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.

Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.

Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.

Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.

Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.

Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.

Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.

* ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.

* aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.

* algo así como = something like.

* añádase cómo = expand like.

* así como = as, as well as.

* así como así = just like that.

* así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....

* así es como = this is how.

* así es como es = that's how it is.

* caer como moscas = drop like + flies.

* como aclaración = in parenthesis.

* como algo natural = as a matter of course.

* como algo normal = as a matter of course.

* como algo opuesto a = as against.

* como algo residual = residually.

* como alternativa = as an alternative.

* como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.

* como antes = as before.

* como apoyo a = in support of.

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).

* como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).

* como base para = as a basis for.

* como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.

* como cabía esperar = as expected.

* como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.

* como cabría suponer = as might be expected.

* como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.

* como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).

* cómo conseguir = obtainability.

* como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.

* como contrapartida = in return.

* como cooperativa = collegially.

* como corresponde = fittingly.

* como corresponde a = as befits.

* como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.

* como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.

* cómo demonios = how on earth.

* como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.

* como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.

* como diferente a = as distinct from.

* cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.

* como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.

* como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.

* como el cuero = leathery.

* como el desierto = desert-like.

* como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.

* como el fuego = like wildfire.

* como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.

* como en casa = like home (away) from home.

* como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.

* como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.

* como era de esperar = as expected.

* como es debido = fittingly.

* como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.

* como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.

* como es habitual = as always.

* como es natural = not unnaturally.

* como es normal = as always.

* como esto = like this.

* como fecha final = at the very latest.

* como forma de vida = as a way of life.

* como grogui = drowsily, groggily.

* como grupo = collectively.

* como guía = for guidance.

* como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.

* como la pólvora = like wildfire.

* como las ardillas = squirrel-like.

* como las empresas = business-like.

* como loca = like a madwoman.

* como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.

* como medida de seguridad = as a backup.

* como medida provisional = as an interim measure.

* como medida temporal = as an interim measure.

* como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.

* como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.

* como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.

* como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.

* como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.

* como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* como muy tarde = at the latest.

* como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.

* como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.

* cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....

* como nota al margen = on a sidenote.

* como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.

* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.

* como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.

* como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.

* como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.

* ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.

* como parásito = parasitically.

* como persona que = as one who.

* como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.

* como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.

* como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.

* como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.

* como por encanto = magically.

* como poseído = as one possessed.

* como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.

* como primera elección = as a first preference.

* como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.

* como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.

* como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.

* como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.

* como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.

* como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.

* como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.

* como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).

* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.

* como segunda alternativa = as a backup.

* como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.

* como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.

* como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.

* como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.

* cómo + ser = what + be like.

* como si = as though.

* como si dijéramos = as it were.

* como siempre = as always.

* como si fuese = as it were.

* como siga así = at this rate.

* como sigue = as follows.

* como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.

* como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.

* como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.

* como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.

* como sustituto de = in place of.

* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.

* como término medio = on average.

* como todo un caballero = sportingly.

* como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.

* como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.

* como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.

* como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.

* como una cebolla = onion-like.

* como una condenada = like a madwoman.

* como una descosida = like a madwoman.

* como una forma de = as a means of.

* como una metralladora = quick-fire.

* como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.

* como un bobo = stupidly.

* como un bólido = like the clappers.

* como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.

* como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.

* como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.

* como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.

* como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.

* como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.

* como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.

* como un estúpido = stupidly.

* como un experto = expertly.

* como un glaciar = glacially.

* como unidad global = as a whole.

* como un idiota = stupidly.

* como un loca = like a madwoman.

* como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.

* como un método para = as a means of.

* como un modo de = as a way of.

* como un necio = stupidly.

* como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.

* cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.

* como un platillo = saucer-like.

* como un poseído = as one possessed.

* como un rayo = in a flash.

* como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.

* como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.

* como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.

* como un televisor = television-type.

* como un todo = as a whole.

* como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.

* como un torpe = foolishly.

* como un zombi = zombielike.

* como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.

* como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.

* como y cuando = as and when.

* como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.

* comportarse como se espera = be a sport.

* con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....

* conocerse como = be known as.

* dar como resultado = result (in).

* de cómo = as to how.

* durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.

* el modo como = the way in which.

* el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.

* frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.

* llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.

* no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.

* ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.

* para colmo = on top of everything else.

* plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.

* proponer como principio = posit.

* sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.

* seleccionar como relevante = hit.

* ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.

* ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.

* ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.

* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.

* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).

* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).

* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.

* tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.

* tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.

* tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.

* tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).

* tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.

* tanto como siempre = as much as ever.

* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.

* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.

* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.

* tomar como ejemplo = take.

* un poco como = kind of like.

* * *

como¹

prep

A

1 (en calidad de) as

usando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stick

quiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyer

el director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …

está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the best

lo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband

2 (con el nombre de) as

la flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'

3 (por ejemplo) like

en algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like London

necesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like you

tengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?

B (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

quiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yours

pienso como tú I agree with you

fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

se portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentleman

la quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughter

bailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced before

me trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiot

se llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo

¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!

era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpet

como PARA + INF:

es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cry

C ( en locs):

así como ( frml); as well as

por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasons

sus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importance

como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!

como mucho at (the) most, at the outside

como poco at least

como nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like her

como que …: conduce muy bien — como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after all

le voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see it

y no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!

como ser (CS); such as, for example, like

como si (+ subj) as if, as though

actuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't care

ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)

él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelid

como²

conjunction

A (de la manera que) as

no me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it

llegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promised

ganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expected

así en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heaven

como dice el refrán as the saying goes

(tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are

(+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you like

no voy — como quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you like

me dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I could

la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's called

como quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cup

B (puesto que) as, since

como todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walk

C (+ subj) (si) if

como te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here again

D

(en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help me

joven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than you

E

(que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a van

vas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll see

como³

adverb

A (expresando aproximación) about

como a la mitad del camino about half way there

está como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers away

vino como a las seis she came at around o about six

tiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almonds

un ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engine

B (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)

es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …

* * *

Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)

como es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

Multiple Entries:
algo como
comer
como
cómo
comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo
a) ( en general) to eat;

◊ no tengo ganas de cómo I'm not hungry;

este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;

( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch;

◊ nos invitaron a cómo they asked us to lunch

c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

verbo transitivo
a) ‹fruta/verdura/carne› to eat;

◊ ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;

no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
b) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer) See Also→ comerse 3

c) (en ajedrez, damas) to take

comerse verbo pronominal
1
a) ( al escribir) ‹acento/palabra› to leave off;

‹línea/párrafo› to miss out
b) ( al hablar) ‹ letra› to leave off;

‹ palabra› to swallow
2 ( enf) ‹ comida› to eat;
◊ cómetelo todo eat it all up;

cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
a) [acido/óxido] to eat away (at);

[polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
b) [inflación/alquiler] ‹sueldo/ahorros› to eat away at

como preposición
a) ( en calidad de) as;

◊ quiero hablarte cómo amigo I want to speak to you as a friend

b) ( con el nombre de) as;

◊ se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'

c) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like;

◊ uno cómo el tuyo one like yours;

¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry
d) ( en locs)

◊ así como (frml) as well as;

como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
como ser (CS) such as, for example;
como si (+ subj) as if, as though
■ conjunción
a) ( de la manera que) as;

◊ tal cómo había prometido just as he had promised;

cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
(tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
no voy — cómo quieras I'm not going — please yourself
b) ( puesto que) as, since;

◊ cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walk

c) (si) (+ subj) if;

◊ cómo te pille … if I catch you …

■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;
◊ está cómo a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers away;

un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
cómo adverbio
a) ( de qué manera) how;

◊ ¿cómo estás? how are you?;

¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
b) ( por qué) why, how come (colloq);

◊ ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?

c) ( al solicitar que se repita algo) sorry?, pardon?;

◊ ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?

d) ( en exclamaciones):

◊ ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;

¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?
e) ( en locs)

◊ ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;

¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
¡cómo no! of course!;
¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't here — what do you mean it isn't there?
comer
I verbo transitivo
1 to eat
2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
como
I adverbio
1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
4 (aproximadamente) about
como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
como unos treinta, about thirty
II conj
1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
2 (porque) as, since
como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
3 como si, as if
como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
¿As, like o how?
As se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
cómo adverbio
1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
¿cómo estás?, how are you?
¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
5 (exclamativo) how
¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
' cómo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aburrirse
- acabada
- acabado
- acondicionar
- acreditar
- actuar
- adiós
- alma
- alquilar
- alta
- alto
- amable
- andar
- apear
- apenas
- aprendizaje
- arreglarse
- arte
- así
- atizar
- atonía
- baja
- bajo
- bala
- balsa
- bañera
- bastante
- beber
- bestia
- borrega
- borrego
- botija
- buenamente
- cabra
- cada
- caracterización
- casa
- cencerro
- cerrarse
- cesar
- chinche
- cielo
- coco
- coletilla
- colorada
- colorado
- comer
- como
- como quiera
- comoquiera
English:
ablaze
- above
- abroad
- acclaim
- accordingly
- act
- address
- alternatively
- always
- arouse
- as
- ashen
- attractive
- awaken
- away
- back
- barrage
- bash out
- be
- beaver away
- best
- bicker
- big
- black
- blind
- bolt
- bombshell
- bone
- border
- bored
- both
- break
- breed
- brownout
- by-product
- cake
- calculate
- care
- chalk
- champagne
- change
- charm
- cheer
- churn out
- class
- climax
- clown around
- coin
- colour
- come about

* * *

Como nm

el lago Como Lake Como

* * *

como

I adv

1 as;

como amigo as a friend

2 ( aproximadamente)

:

había como cincuenta there were about fifty;

hace como una hora about an hour ago

3

:

así como as well as

II conj

1 if;

como si as if;

como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;

como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick

2 expresando causa as, since;

como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself

3

:

me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;

como quiera any way you want

* * *

cómo adv

: how

¿cómo estás?: how are you?

¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?

¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?

¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!

como adv

1) : around, about

cuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos

2) : kind of, like

tengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzy

como conj

1) : how, as

hazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would

2) : since, given that

como estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out

3) : if

como lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested

4)

como quiera : in any way

como prep

1) : like, as

ligero como una pluma: light as a feather

2)

así como : as well as

* * *

como¹ adv

1. (manera) how

te puedes vestir como quieras you can dress how you like

hazlo como te he enseñado do it the way I showed you

2. (comparaciones) as / like

ya estás tan alta como tu hermano you're as tall as your brother now

tengo una camiseta como ésa I've got a T shirt like that one

3. (según) as

como se puede ver as can be seen

4. (ejemplo) like

algunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly

5. (aproximadamente) about

creo que tengo como cien novelas de aventuras I think I've got about a hundred adventure novels

6. (en calidad de) as

utiliza la caja como una mesilla use the box as a beside table

como sea at all costs / no matter what

como si as if / as though

sigue como si no estuviera aquí carry on as if I weren't here

como² conj

1. (causa) as

como hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach

2. (condición) if

como llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake

Spanish-English dictionary > como
13 fare

1. v/t do

vestito, dolce, errore make

biglietto, benzina buy, get

fare ( dello) sport play sport

fare il pieno fill up

fare un bagno have a bath

fare il conto al ristorante prepare the bill

fare il medico/l'insegnante be a doctor/teacher

non fa niente it doesn't matter

fare vedere qualcosa a qualcuno show something to someone

farcela manage

non ce la faccio più I can't take any more

2 più 2 fa 4 2 and 2 make(s) 4

quanto fa? how much is it?

far fare qualcosa a qualcuno get someone to do something

2. v/i: questo non fa per me this isn't for me

faccia pure! go ahead!, carry on!

qui fa bello/brutto the weather here is nice/awful

fa freddo/caldo it's cold/warm

* * *

fare v.tr.

1 ( in senso generale, astratto, morale, intellettuale e nel senso di agire) to do*: che cosa fai?, what are you doing?; avere molto da fare, to have a great deal to do (o to be kept hard at work); non avere nulla da fare, to have nothing to do; non fare nulla, to do nothing; che debbo fare ( di lui)?, what shall I do (with him)?; che fare ora?, what is to be done now?; che si doveva fare?, what was to be done? // che diavolo stai facendo?, what are you up to? (o what on earth are you doing?) // dovrai farne a meno, you'll have to do without (it) // detto fatto, no sooner said than done // ecco fatto!, that's done! // non fa altro che dormire, he does nothing but sleep // nulla da fare, (fam.) nothing doing // fare senza, to do without; fare alla meglio, to do carelessly // fare bene, to do properly (o to do well) // fare del proprio meglio, tutto il possibile, to do one's utmost (o one's best) // fare bene, male a qlcu., to do s.o. good, harm: questa medicina ti farà bene, this medicine will do you good; il vino mi fa male, wine doesn't agree with me; fare il giro dei locali notturni, to do the night-clubs // chi fa da sé fa per tre, (prov.) if you want a thing done well do it yourself // non fare agli altri quello che non vorresti fosse fatto a te, (prov.) do as you would be done by

2 ( prevalentemente nel senso di creare, produrre, fabbricare; realizzare) to make*: farei una camicetta con questa seta, I'd make a blouse out of this silk; fare un abito, una torta, to make a dress, a cake; fare il caffè, il tè, to make coffee, tea; il fornaio fa il pane, the baker makes bread; il vino si fa con l'uva, wine is made from grapes; è il parlamento che fa le leggi, laws are made by Parliament; ti farò una lista dei libri che mi occorrono, I'll make a list of the books I need; non far rumore, don't make a noise; fare i letti, to make the beds // fare amicizia, to make friends: farsi degli amici, dei nemici, to make friends, enemies; farsi un nemico di qlcu., to make an enemy of s.o. // fare un errore, to make a mistake // fare mistero di qlco., to make a mystery of sthg. // fare posto a qlcu., to make room for s.o. // fare il totale, to make up the total // 3 più 3 fa 6, 3 and 3 make 6 (o 3 and 3 are 6); 2 per 2 fa 4, twice 2 is 4

3 ( essere) ( come professione), to be: fare l'insegnante, il medico, la spia, to be a teacher, a doctor, a spy // fare parte del personale, to be a member of the staff

4 ( avere, possedere) to have: il villaggio fa duecento abitanti, the village has two hundred inhabitants

5 ( rifornirsi) to take* on: la nave fece acqua e carbone, the ship took on water and coal // (aut.) fare il pieno, to fill up

6 ( dire) to say*: 'Quando partite?', fece egli, 'When are you leaving?', he said // non fare motto, to utter not a word

7 ( eleggere, nominare) to make*, to elect, to appoint: lo fecero re, they made him king (o he was appointed king)

8 ( reputare) to repute; to think*: non lo facevo così sciocco, I did not think he was so silly

9 ( scrivere) to write*; ( dipingere) to paint: ha fatto un bel ritratto a mia sorella, he painted a beautiful portrait of my sister

10 ( indicare, segnare) to make*; to be: che ore fai?, what time do you make it?; che ora fa il tuo orologio?, what time is it by your watch?; questo orologio fa le cinque, it is five o' clock by this watch

11 (teatr.) ( rappresentare) to perform: questa settimana all'Odeon fanno l''Amleto', 'Hamlet' is being performed at the Odeon (o 'Hamlet' is on at the Odeon) this week

12 ( far la parte di) to act (as); (teatr.) to play (as); ( fingere) to feign: mi fa da governante, she acts as my housekeeper; quell'attore nell''Otello' farà la parte di Jago, that actor is going to play Iago in 'Othello'; fare l'ignorante, to feign ignorance; fare il morto, (fig.) to feign death

13 ( praticare) to go* in for; ( giocare) to play: fare della bicicletta, dello sport, dell'automobilismo, della politica, to go in for cycling, sport, motoring, politics; fare del tennis, to play tennis; fare del nuoto, to swim // fare del teatro, del cinema, to be an actor, a cinema-actor // fare un po' di musica, to play some music

14 ( pulire) to clean: fare una stanza, to clean a room (o fam. to do a room); fare i piatti, to wash up

15 ( generare) to bear*; to have: quella cagna il mese scorso ha fatto tre cuccioli, that bitch had three puppies last month

16 ( trasformare) to turn into: puoi farci un grembiule, you can turn it into an apron

17 ( percorrere) to go*: fare dieci chilometri a piedi, a cavallo, to walk, to ride ten kilometres; fare sessanta chilometri all'ora, to drive at sixty kilometres an hour; fare quattro passi per un sentiero, to go for (o to take) a stroll along a path; abbiamo fatto 3000 km in due giorni, we covered (o did) 3000 km in two days

18 ( passare, trascorrere) to spend*: dove hai fatto le vacanze?, where did you spend your holidays?; fece dieci anni di prigione, he did ten years in prison

19 ( in sostituzione del verbo usato nella proposizione reggente) to do*: spese il suo denaro meglio di quel che avrei fatto io, he spent his money better than I would have done; lui se ne è andato e così ho fatto io, he went away and so did I

20 ( con valore causativo seguito da infinito) to have, to get*; ( causare) to cause; to make*; ( lasciare, permettere) to let*: fa' venire l'idraulico, get the plumber to come; devo far aggiustare l'auto, I must have the car repaired; fallo smettere!, make him stop!; fatti (fare) un nuovo abito!, have a new suit made!; il tuo ritardo mi fece perdere il treno, your being late caused me to miss the train; far fare qlco., to have (o to get) sthg. done; fare partire una macchina, to start a machine; fare aspettare qlcu., to keep s.o. waiting; fare sapere a qlcu., to let s.o. know (o to inform s.o.); fare uscire, entrare, to let s.o. out, in; fare vedere qlco. a qlcu., to let s.o. see sthg. (o to show s.o. sthg.) // fare chiamare qlcu., to send for s.o. // fare notare a qlcu., to point out to s.o. // fare osservare qlco. a qlcu., to call s.o.'s attention to sthg. // far pagare, to charge: far pagare troppo, poco, to overcharge, to undercharge // far salire i prezzi, to raise prices.

◆ v. intr.

1 impers. ( di condizioni atmosferiche): che tempo fa?, what is the weather like?; fa brutto tempo, bel tempo, it is bad weather, fine weather; fa caldo, caldissimo, molto freddo, it is warm, hot, very cold

2 ( essere adatto) to suit: questa casa non fa per me, this house doesn't suit me

3 ( seguito da consecutive): fare in modo di, to try to (do); fate che non vi veda, don't let him see you; fate in modo di non farvi vedere, take care not to be seen // fare sì che, fare in modo che, to arrange, to make sure, to get, to make*: fece sì che tutti fossero d'accordo con lui, he got everyone to agree with him; hanno fatto in modo che tutti fossero soddisfatti, they made sure everybody was happy; fecero sì che io lo incontrassi, they arranged (o made arrangements) for me to meet him

4 ( stare per) to be about: fece per entrare quando..., he was about to enter, when...

5 fare in tempo a, to manage to (do): ce la fece appena a prendere il treno, he just managed (o he was just in time) to catch his train.

◘ farsi v.rifl. o intr.pron.

1 ( diventare) to become*; ( gradualmente) to grow*: si è fatto un bel giovane, he has become a handsome young man; si sono fatti più gentili, they have become more amiable; ti sei fatto molto alto, you have grown (o become) very tall; fare cattolico, to turn Catholic (o to become a Roman Catholic) // fare bello, ( vantarsi) to boast

2 ( moto) to come*; to get*: su, fatevi in là!, get out of my way, please!; fare avanti, to go forward, (fig.) to thrust oneself forward

3 ( seguito da infinito) to make* oneself; to get*: fare amare, capire, odiare, to make oneself loved, understood, hated; fatti aiutare da qualcuno, get someone to help you; fare notare, to attract attention, ( di proposito) to make oneself conspicuous

4 impers. ( di tempo e di condizioni atmosferiche) to get*; to grow*: si fa buio, it is getting dark; si fa tardi, it is growing late

5 (sl.) ( drogarsi) to shoot* up; to take* drugs.

fare s.m.

1 doing, making // dal dire al fare c'è di mezzo il mare, there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip

2 ( modi, maniere) manner; way; ( comportamento) behaviour: il suo fare modesto, his modest manner; ha un brutto ( modo di) fare, he has an unpleasant manner; ha un fare molto simpatico, he has winning ways (o he has a pleasant manner); non mi piace il suo fare, I don't like his manners

3 ( inizio) sul fare del giorno, at daybreak (o dawn); sul fare della notte, at nightfall.

* * *

1. ['fare]
vb irreg vt
1) (fabbricare: gen) to make, (casa) to build, (quadro) to paint, (disegno) to draw, (pasto) to cook, (pane, dolci) to bake, (assegno) to make out

fanno la stessa classe — they are in the same year

fare un corso — (tenere) to give a series of lessons, teach a course, (seguire) to do a course

che cosa ne hai fatto di quei pantaloni? — what have you done with those trousers?

fare un errore — to make a mistake

ha fatto la mia felicità — he made me so happy

fare una festa — to have o hold a party

ha fatto un figlio — she's had a baby

quest'albero non fa frutti — this tree doesn't bear fruit

hai fatto il letto? — have you made the bed?

lo hanno fatto presidente — they made him president

fare una promessa — to make a promise

hai fatto la stanza? — have you cleaned the room?

2) (attività: gen) to do, (vacanza, sogno) to have

a scuola facciamo chimica — at school we do chemistry

fare i compiti — to do one's homework

cosa fai? — (adesso) what are you doing?, (nella vita) what do you do?, what is your job?

non posso farci nulla — I can't do anything about it

fare la spesa — to do the shopping

fare del tennis — to play tennis

3) (funzione) to be, Teatro to play, be, act

fare l' avvocato — to be a lawyer

fare finta di essere stanco — to pretend to be tired

fare l' innocente — to act the innocent

fare il malato — to pretend to be ill

fare il medico — to be a doctor

fare il morto — (in acqua) to float

nel film fa il padre — in the film he plays the father

4) (percorrere) to do

fare i 100 metri — (competere) to go in for o run in the 100 metres

fa i 100 metri in 10,5 — he does the 100 metres in 10.5

abbiamo fatto 5 chilometri — we've done 5 kilometres

fare una passeggiata — to go for o take a walk

fare un viaggio — to go on a trip, make a journey

5)

(suscitare: sentimenti) fa niente — it doesn't matter

mi fa orrore — it horrifies me

fare paura a — to frighten

mi fa rabbia — it makes me angry

6)

(considerare) ti facevo più intelligente — I thought you had more sense

ti facevo al mare — I thought you were at the seaside

lo facevo più vecchio — I thought he was older

7)

(ammontare) due più due fa quattro — two plus two make(s) o equal(s) four

la città non fa più di 2 milioni di abitanti — the city hasn't more than 2 million inhabitants

che differenza fa? — what difference does it make?

fa 50 euro, signora — that'll be 50 euros, madam

glielo faccio 100 euro — I'll give it to you o I'll let you have it for 100 euros

che ora fa il tuo orologio? — what time is it by your watch?

8)

(+ infinito) le faremo avere la merce — we'll get the goods to you

l'hanno fatto entrare in macchina — (costringere) they forced him into the car, they made him get into the car, (lasciare) they let him get into the car

lo farò fare a lei — I'll get her to do it, I'll have her do it

farsi fregare — to be taken for a ride

far piangere qn — to make sb cry

far riparare la macchina — to have one's car repaired

far scongelare — to defrost, thaw out

far soffrire qn — to make sb suffer

mi son fatto tagliare i capelli — I've had my hair cut

fammi vedere — let me see

fare venire qn — to send for sb

9)

farsi; farsi la barba — to have a shave

farsi la barca — to get a boat

farsi una gonna — to make o.s. a skirt

farsi la macchina — to get a car

si fa da mangiare da solo — he does his own cooking

si è fatto mia moglie fam — he's had it off with my wife

farsi un nome — to make a name for o.s.

10)

(fraseologia) farla a qn — to get the better of sb

me l'hanno fatta! — (imbrogliare) I've been done!, (derubare) I've been robbed!, (lasciare nei guai) I've been lumbered!

farcela — to succeed, manage

ne ha fatta una delle sue — he's done it again

non ce la faccio più — (a camminare) I can't go on, (a sopportare) I can't take any more

ce la facciamo? — do you think we'll make it?

farla finita con qc — to have done with sth

fare del proprio meglio — to do one's best

non c'è niente da fare — it's no use

ormai è stato deciso e non c'è niente da fare — it's been decided and there's nothing we can do about it

ha fatto di sì con la testa — he nodded

2. vi (aus avere)

1) (agire) to do

fare presto — to be quick

faccia pure! — go ahead!

saperci fare con — (situazioni, persone) to know how to deal with

ci sa fare coi bambini/con le macchine — he's good with children/cars

ci sa fare con le donne — he's a smooth operator with women

ci sa fare — he's quite good

fate come volete — do as you please

2)

(dire) "davvero?" fece — "really?" he said

3)

questo non si fa — it's not done, you (just) can't do that

si fa così! — you do it like this, this is the way it's done

non si fa così — (rimprovero) that's no way to behave!

questa festa non si farà! — this party won't take place!

4)

(fraseologia) fa proprio al caso nostro — it's just what we need

avere a che fare con qn — to have sth to do with sb

non so che farmene di lui — I don't know what to do with him

fare da — (funzioni) to act as

fare da padre a qn — to be like a father to sb

la cucina fa anche da sala da pranzo — the kitchen also serves as o is also used as a dining room

fai in modo che non ti vedano — make sure they don't see you

fare per — (essere adatto) to be suitable for, (essere sul punto di) to be about to

fece per uscire e poi si fermò — he made as if to go out and then stopped

non fa per me — it isn't (suitable) for me

fare a pugni — to come to blows, fig to clash

fare in tempo a... — to be in time to...

il grigio fa vecchio — grey makes you o one look older

3. vb impers

fa caldo — it's hot

fa freddo — it's cold

fa notte — it's getting dark

4. vr (farsi)

1)

(rendersi) farsi amico di qn — to make friends with sb

è andata a farsi bella — she's gone to make herself beautiful

farsi notare — to get o.s. noticed

farsi prete — to become a priest

2)

(spostarsi) farsi avanti — to move forward, fig to come forward

fatti più in là! — move along a bit!

3) (gergo: drogarsi) to do drugs

5. vip (farsi)

(divenire) to become

farsi bello — to grow beautiful

farsi grande — to grow tall

si fa notte — it's getting dark

farsi vecchio — to grow old

6. sm

con fare distratto — absent-mindedly

ha un fare simpatico — he has a pleasant manner

sul far del giorno/della notte — at daybreak/nightfall

* * *
I 1. ['fare]
verbo transitivo

1) (in senso generico e astratto) to do*

non avere niente da fare — to have nothing to do

che cosa posso fare per te? — what can I do for you?

che cosa dobbiamo fare con te! — what are we to do with you!

2) (preparare, fabbricare, creare) to make* [torta, tè, vino, vestito, mobile, pezzi di ricambio, film]

fare del pollo — to cook some chicken

che cosa faccio per pranzo? — what shall I cook for lunch?

3) (produrre, provocare) to make* [macchia, buco, rumore]

4) (dare come risultato)

tre più due fa cinque — three and two make five

quanto fa 3 per 3? — what's 3 times 3?

9 meno 7 fa 2 — 9 minus 7 leaves 2

5) (redigere, scrivere) to do* [traduzione, tesi]; (emanare) to make* [ legge]

6) (come professione, mestiere)

che lavoro fai? — what's your job?

cosa fai (di mestiere)? — what do you do (for a living)?

fare il medico, l'insegnante — to be a doctor, a teacher; (come sport, hobby) to do* [aerobica, giardinaggio]

7) (a scuola) to do*, to study [materia, facoltà, testo, autore]; to do* [ corso]

fare (la) prima — to be in the first year

8) (trascorrere) to spend* [ vacanze]

fare tre mesi di prigione — to do three months in prison

hai fatto buon viaggio? — did you have a pleasant journey?

9) (rifornirsi di)

fare benzina — to get some petrol

fare legna — to gather wood

10) (percorrere) to do* [tragitto, chilometri]

fare l'autostrada — to take the motorway

11) (avere) to have* [infarto, orecchioni, otite]

12) (provocare, causare)

fare del bene, del male a qcn. — to do sb. good, harm

la pastiglia non mi ha fatto niente — the tablet didn't do anything

non ti farò niente — I won't do anything to you

Signore, fa' che non gli succeda niente — may God protect him!

13) (far diventare) to make*

fare felice qcn. — to make sb. happy

fare qcn. presidente — to make sb. president

14) (considerare)

ti facevo più intelligente — I thought you were cleverer

15) (fingersi)

fare il malato, il coraggioso — to pretend to be ill, brave

16) (interpretare) [ attore] to play [parte, ruolo]

17) (seguito da infinito) (con valore causativo)

fare piangere qcn. — to make sb. cry

fare perdere qcs. a qcn. — to make sb. lose sth.; (permettere, lasciare)

fare andare qcn. — to let sb. go; (convincere)

gli ho fatto prendere un appuntamento — I got him to make an appointment

18) (riferito all'ora)

che ora fai? — what time do you make it o have you got?

faccio le due — I make it two o'clock

che ora fa l'orologio? — what time does the clock say?

19) (costare)

quanto fa? — how much is it?

fa o fanno 5 euro — it's 5 euros

20) (partorire) [donna, animale] to have* [bambino, cuccioli]

21) (dire)

"certo" fece lei — "of course" she said

poi fa "e i miei soldi?" — colloq. so he goes "what about my money?"

il gatto fa "miao" — the cat goes "miaow"
2.
verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

1) (agire, procedere) to do*

non ho potuto fare altrimenti — I couldn't do otherwise

fai come vuoi — do as you like

facciamo alle sei — let's make it six o'clock

2) (essere adatto)

questo è il posto che fa per me — this is the place for me

vivere a Londra non fa per me — living in London is not for me

3) fare per (essere in procinto di)

fare per andarsene — to be about to leave; (fare l'atto di)

fece per baciarlo — she made as if to kiss him

4) fare da (fungere da) [ persona] to act as; (servire da) [ cosa] to function o act o serve as

5) (essere espresso in una certa forma)

come fa la canzone? — how does the song go?

6) (riuscire)

come fai a leggere quella robaccia? — how can you read that junk?

"come si fa?" - "così" — "how do I do it?" - "like this"

come faccio a saperlo? — how should I know?

7) farcela

ce l'ho fatta! — I made it!

ce la fai a finirlo? — can you manage to finish it?

non ce la faccio più! — I've had it! I can't take any more!
3.
verbo impersonale

1) (riferito a tempo atmosferico o condizioni di luce)

fa freddo — it's cold

fa buio — it's getting o growing dark

2) (riferito a durata)

oggi fanno sei anni che è partito — it's six years today since he left
4.
verbo pronominale farsi

1) (preparare, fabbricare, creare per sé) to make* oneself [caffè, vestito]

- rsi da mangiare — to do one's own cooking

2) (concedersi) to have* [birra, pizza, chiacchierata]

3) (procurar si)

-rsi degli amici, dei nemici — to make friends, enemies; colloq. (comprarsi) to get* oneself [macchina, moto]

4) pop. (possedere sessualmente) to have*, to make* (out with) [ persona]

5) gerg. (drogarsi) to get* stoned (di on), to do* drugs

6) (diventare)

-rsi suora, cristiano — to become a nun, a Christian

si è fatta bella — she's grown up a beauty

il cielo si fece grigio — the sky went o turned grey

si fa tardi — it's getting late

7) (per indicare movimento)

-rsi avanti, indietro — to come forward, to stand back

- rsi in là — to budge over o up

8) (formarsi) to form [idea, immagine]

9) (seguito da infinito)

- rsi sentire — to make oneself heard

- rsi tagliare i capelli — to have o get one's hair cut

- rsi operare — to have surgery

10) (sottoporsi a) to have* [lifting, permanente]

11) (procurarsi)

- rsi un bernoccolo — to get a bump

- rsi un livido su un braccio — to bruise one's arm

12) (reciprocamente)

-rsi carezze, dispetti — to caress each other, to play tricks on each other

13) farsela (intendersela) to jack around AE ( con with); (in una relazione amorosa) to run* around ( con with)

••

avere a che fare — to have to do ( con with)

non avere niente a che fare — to have nothing to do ( con with)

avere da fare — to be busy, to have things to do

(non) fa niente! — it doesn't matter, never mind!

a me non la si fa! — = I wasn't born yesterday!

farsela addosso — (urinare) to wet oneself; (defecare) to shit oneself pop.; (dalla paura) to be scared shitless pop., to shit bricks pop., to brick it

farsela sotto — (dalla paura) to be scared shitless, to shit bricks, to brick it

che cosa vuoi che ci faccia? che cosa ci posso fare io? what do you want me to do about it? non ci si può fare nulla it can't be helped; non ci posso fare niente se... I can't help it if...; non so che farmene di... — I have no need for
II ['fare]
sostantivo maschile

1) (comportamento) manner, behaviour BE, behavior AE

avere un fare gentile — to have a kind manner

2) (inizio)

sul fare del giorno, della notte — at daybreak, nightfall

* * *

fare¹

/'fare/ [8]

I verbo transitivo

1 (in senso generico e astratto) to do*; non avere niente da fare to have nothing to do; che cosa posso fare per te? what can I do for you? che cosa dobbiamo fare con te! what are we to do with you!

2 (preparare, fabbricare, creare) to make* [torta, tè, vino, vestito, mobile, pezzi di ricambio, film]; fare del pollo to cook some chicken; che cosa faccio per pranzo? what shall I cook for lunch?

3 (produrre, provocare) to make* [macchia, buco, rumore]

4 (dare come risultato) tre più due fa cinque three and two make five; quanto fa 3 per 3? what's 3 times 3? 9 meno 7 fa 2 9 minus 7 leaves 2

5 (redigere, scrivere) to do* [traduzione, tesi]; (emanare) to make* [ legge]

6 (come professione, mestiere) che lavoro fai? what's your job? cosa fai (di mestiere)? what do you do (for a living)? fare il medico, l'insegnante to be a doctor, a teacher; (come sport, hobby) to do* [aerobica, giardinaggio]

7 (a scuola) to do*, to study [materia, facoltà, testo, autore]; to do* [ corso]; fare (la) prima to be in the first year

8 (trascorrere) to spend* [ vacanze]; fare tre mesi di prigione to do three months in prison; hai fatto buon viaggio? did you have a pleasant journey?

9 (rifornirsi di) fare benzina to get some petrol; fare legna to gather wood

10 (percorrere) to do* [tragitto, chilometri]; fare l'autostrada to take the motorway

11 (avere) to have* [infarto, orecchioni, otite]

12 (provocare, causare) fare del bene, del male a qcn. to do sb. good, harm; la pastiglia non mi ha fatto niente the tablet didn't do anything; non ti farò niente I won't do anything to you; Signore, fa' che non gli succeda niente may God protect him!

13 (far diventare) to make*; fare felice qcn. to make sb. happy; fare qcn. presidente to make sb. president

14 (considerare) ti facevo più intelligente I thought you were cleverer

15 (fingersi) fare il malato, il coraggioso to pretend to be ill, brave

16 (interpretare) [ attore] to play [parte, ruolo]

17 (seguito da infinito) (con valore causativo) fare piangere qcn. to make sb. cry; fare perdere qcs. a qcn. to make sb. lose sth.; (permettere, lasciare) fare andare qcn. to let sb. go; (convincere) gli ho fatto prendere un appuntamento I got him to make an appointment

18 (riferito all'ora) che ora fai? what time do you make it o have you got? faccio le due I make it two o'clock; che ora fa l'orologio? what time does the clock say?

19 (costare) quanto fa? how much is it? fa o fanno 5 euro it's 5 euros

20 (partorire) [donna, animale] to have* [bambino, cuccioli]

21 (dire) "certo" fece lei "of course" she said; poi fa "e i miei soldi?" colloq. so he goes "what about my money?"; il gatto fa "miao" the cat goes "miaow"

II verbo intransitivo

(aus. avere)

1 (agire, procedere) to do*; non ho potuto fare altrimenti I couldn't do otherwise; fai come vuoi do as you like; facciamo alle sei let's make it six o'clock

2 (essere adatto) questo è il posto che fa per me this is the place for me; vivere a Londra non fa per me living in London is not for me

3 fare per (essere in procinto di) fare per andarsene to be about to leave; (fare l'atto di) fece per baciarlo she made as if to kiss him

4 fare da (fungere da) [ persona] to act as; (servire da) [ cosa] to function o act o serve as

5 (essere espresso in una certa forma) come fa la canzone? how does the song go?

6 (riuscire) come fai a leggere quella robaccia? how can you read that junk? "come si fa?" - "così" "how do I do it?" - "like this"; come faccio a saperlo? how should I know?

7 farcela ce l'ho fatta! I made it! ce la fai a finirlo? can you manage to finish it? non ce la faccio più! I've had it! I can't take any more!

III verbo impersonale

1 (riferito a tempo atmosferico o condizioni di luce) fa freddo it's cold; fa buio it's getting o growing dark

2 (riferito a durata) oggi fanno sei anni che è partito it's six years today since he left

IV farsi verbo pronominale

1 (preparare, fabbricare, creare per sé) to make* oneself [caffè, vestito]; - rsi da mangiare to do one's own cooking

2 (concedersi) to have* [birra, pizza, chiacchierata]

3 (procurar si) -rsi degli amici, dei nemici to make friends, enemies; colloq. (comprarsi) to get* oneself [macchina, moto]

4 pop. (possedere sessualmente) to have*, to make* (out with) [ persona]

5 gerg. (drogarsi) to get* stoned (di on), to do* drugs

6 (diventare) -rsi suora, cristiano to become a nun, a Christian; si è fatta bella she's grown up a beauty; il cielo si fece grigio the sky went o turned grey; si fa tardi it's getting late

7 (per indicare movimento) -rsi avanti, indietro to come forward, to stand back; - rsi in là to budge over o up

8 (formarsi) to form [idea, immagine]

9 (seguito da infinito) - rsi sentire to make oneself heard; - rsi tagliare i capelli to have o get one's hair cut; - rsi operare to have surgery

10 (sottoporsi a) to have* [lifting, permanente]

11 (procurarsi) - rsi un bernoccolo to get a bump; - rsi un livido su un braccio to bruise one's arm

12 (reciprocamente) -rsi carezze, dispetti to caress each other, to play tricks on each other

13 farsela (intendersela) to jack around AE ( con with); (in una relazione amorosa) to run* around ( con with)

IDIOMS

avere a che fare to have to do ( con with); non avere niente a che fare to have nothing to do ( con with); avere da fare to be busy, to have things to do; (non) fa niente! it doesn't matter, never mind! a me non la si fa! = I wasn't born yesterday! farsela addosso (urinare) to wet oneself; (defecare) to shit oneself pop.; (dalla paura) to be scared shitless pop., to shit bricks pop., to brick it; farsela sotto (dalla paura) to be scared shitless, to shit bricks, to brick it; che cosa vuoi che ci faccia? che cosa ci posso fare io? what do you want me to do about it? non ci si può fare nulla it can't be helped; non ci posso fare niente se... I can't help it if...; non so che farmene di... I have no need for...

\

See also notes... (fare.pdf)

————————

fare²

/'fare/

sostantivo m.

1 (comportamento) manner, behaviour BE, behavior AE; avere un fare gentile to have a kind manner

2 (inizio) sul fare del giorno, della notte at daybreak, nightfall.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > fare
14 في

في \ a; an; each; every: twice a day; 80 miles an hour. at: (showing where): at home; at the office, (showing a point of time) at midday; at 4 o’clock; He was married at 18, (after an adj) good at English; quick at sums. by: during: We travelled by night. in: showing where: In bed; in London; in the box; in his speech, showing condition In a hurry; in trouble, showing a direction; into He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket, showing when; during In the past; in January 1980; in the evening, showing what sth. contains or includes There are 60 minutes in an hour. Is he in your team?, showing what sb. wears He was in his best suit, showing a shape or arrangement They stood in a row, showing employment or activity or an event He’s in the navy. She was killed in the accident. on: showing when: on Monday; on May the 6th. showing the state of sb.:: Are you here on business or on holiday?. per: for each: He earns $8000 per annum (for each year). \ في (أيّ مَكَان)‏ \ anywhere: in or to any place: Are you going anywhere?. \ See Also إلى( إلى)‏ \ في \ home: to or at one’s house: Go home! Is your son home yet?. \ See Also إلى البيت \ في \ inside: on (or to) the inside. \ See Also إلى الداخل \ في \ inland: away from the sea: We crossed the coast and flew inland. \ See Also إلى داخل البلاد \ في \ indoors: into (or in) a building: He went (or He stayed) indoors because of the rain. \ See Also إلى داخل البيت \ في \ on board: on (or onto) a ship or aeroplane: There are 70 men on board. Can I go on board the aircraft?. \ See Also إلى دَاخِل الطَّائِرَة \ في \ upstairs: on, at or to a higher floor; up the stairs; at the top of the stairs: She went upstairs because her room is upstairs. She has an upstairs bedroom. \ See Also إلى الدَّور الأَعْلى \ في \ low: to or in a low position: The sun had sunk low in the sky. \ See Also إلى وَضْع مُنْخفِض \ في \ whereabouts: in or near which place: Whereabouts did you find this ring?. \ See Also قرب أيّ مكان؟ \ في \ upstream: against the flow of the stream; up the river: They rowed (the boat) upstream. \ See Also نَحْوَ أعلى النَّهر \ في الاتجاه المعاكس \ backward(s): towards the back: He fell over backwards. \ في أَثَر \ after: following, in search of: I ran after him but could not catch him. The police are after him. \ في أثناء الخِدْمَة (خارج أوقات الخِدمة)‏ \ on duty, (off duty): at work (not at work): The night nurse has 12 hours on duty, then 12 hours off duty. She went on duty at 18.00 and came off duty at 06.00. \ في أثناء ذلك \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في إجازة \ off: free from work: My employer gave me the afternoon off. \ See Also عطلة (عُطْلَة)‏ \ في أَحْسَن الأَحْوَال \ at best: in the most hopeful conditions: At best, we can’t be ready till Tuesday. \ في آخر \ eventually: in the end: The car kept stopping, but we got home eventually. ultimately: in the end: We must all, ultimately, die. \ See Also نهاية الأمر \ في آخر رَمَق \ on one’s last legs: (of a person or thing) not expected to last much longer; worn out; almost in ruins: That company is on its last legs. \ في آخر لحظة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في أَرْجَاء \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. round: (also around) from place to place: He wandered (a)round (the town). We travelled (a)round (the country). \ في أَسْفَل \ under: (also underneath), in a lower position. underneath: (of position) below: It was hidden underneath the floor boards. \ See Also الأسفل (الأَسْفَل)‏ \ في الأَصْل \ originally: in the beginning: This school was originally a rich man’s home. \ في الأَعْلَى \ up: in or to higher position: She lives up in the hills. \ في أغلب الظَّنّ \ doubtless: probably: It will doubtless rain on the day of the garden party. \ في أَفْضَل حَالَة \ at one’s best: in one’s best state: My garden is at its best in spring. \ في أقلّ مِن \ within: in less than: He will arrive within an hour. I live within a mile of the sea. \ في الأمام \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في أَوَاخِر \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الأوْج \ in full swing: (of an activity) at its highest point; very busy: The party was in full swing when I arrived. \ في أوجِ الإزْهَار \ in bloom: flowering: The roses are in bloom now. \ في أيّ مَكَان \ anywhere: in no matter what place: Put it down anywhere. \ في أيّ وقت \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في أيّ وقت مَضَى \ ever: (in a comparative sentence) at any time: He’s working harder than ever. This is the best book I’ve ever read. \ في بادئ الأمر \ at first: at the beginning: At first the new school seemed strange, but then we got used to it. \ في البَدْء \ primarily: mainly; in the first place: This book is written primarily for foreigners. \ See Also أصلا (أَصْلاً)، أساسا (أساسًا)‏ \ في بعض الوقت \ part-time: for only part of the usual working time: She’s a part-time teacher. \ في البيت \ at home: in one’s house: He’s at home in the evenings. \ في البيت المُجَاوِر \ next, next door: in the next house: He lives next door. He is my nextdoor neighbour. \ في تَحَسُّن (من النّاحية الصحّية)‏ \ on the mend: getting better in health (after an illness). \ في تِلْكَ الحالةِ \ in that case: if that happens, or has happened: He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him, if that happens, or has happened He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him. \ في تِلْكَ اللَّحظة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. \ في التَّوّ \ straight away: at once. \ في جانب \ in favour of: supporting: I’m in favour of your plans. \ في الجَانِب الآخَر مِن \ across: on the other side of: My home is across the river. \ في جانب \ for: in favour of: Are you for this idea or against it?. \ See Also صف (صَفّ)‏ \ في جزء أدنى مِن \ down: at a lower level: My house is a little way down the hill. \ في الجِوَار \ about: around; near: There’s a lot of illness about. I went out early, when no one was about (when no one else was out). \ في الحَال \ at once: without delay: Stop that at once!. away: right away; straight away. immediately: at once. instantly: at once. on the spot: in that place and at that moment: He gave me the bill and I paid it on the spot. readily: without delay: The book you need is not readily obtainable. straight away: at once. \ في حَالَةِ \ at: (showing a state): at war; at play. on: showing the state of sth.: The house is on fire. \ في حَالَة حَسَنَة \ well, (better, best): the opposite of ill and unwell; in good health: Don’t you feel well? You’ll soon get better if you drink this medicine. How are you? Very well, thank you. I feel best in the early morning (better than at any other time). \ في حَالَة سَيِّئَة \ in a bad way: in a bad state. \ في حَالَة عَدَم توفُّر \ failing: giving a second choice of action, if the first choice fails: Ask John to do it. Failing him, ask Michael. \ في حَالَة فَوْضَى \ chaotic: in a state of chaos: The young teacher had a chaotic classroom. \ في حَالَةِ وُجُود \ in case of: in the event of; if there is: In case of fire, ring the bell. \ في حَالَةِ ما إِذَا \ in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening: Take a stick, in case you meet a snake. \ في حركة دائِمة \ on the move: moving; travelling: He’s always on the move and never settles for long. \ في الحَقِيقَة \ as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. in reality: in fact. really: truly; in fact: Is he really your son? He does not look like you!. \ في حَيْرَة من أَمْره \ at one’s wits’ end: too worried by difficulties to know what to do. \ في حين \ whereas: but: They are looking for a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. \ في حينه \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في الخَارِج \ abroad: in or to another country: I spent my holiday abroad. out: in (or into) the open; away from shelter; in (or into) view: Don’t stand out in the rain. The ship was far out at sea. out of door, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outside: not within; in the open air; on the outer side: It’s raining outside. The cup is blue outside, and white inside. overseas: across the sea; (to the British, the mainland of Europe is abroad but it is not overseas): She is working overseas, in South America. \ في خِدمَة... \ at one’s service: ready to fulfil one’s needs: The hotel car is at your service if you want to go anywhere. \ في خَريف العُمر \ middle-aged: neither young nor old; aged between about 40 and 65. \ في خطٍّ مُستقيم \ as the crow flies: in a straight line: It is 5 miles away by road, but only 2 miles as the crow flies. \ فِي الخَفَاء \ stealth: by stealth using secret and quiet action: He got into the house by stealth, not by force. \ في خِلال \ in: showing a space of time before sth. will happen; after: I’ll come in a few days (or in a minute). in the course of: during: In the course of the morning I had seven visitors. \ في الدّاخل \ in: in a building, esp. at home, work or where one is expected to be: Is anyone in? I’m afraid Mr. Jones is out, but he’ll be in at 5 o’clock. \ في داخِل \ in: showing a direction; into: He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket. inside: on (or to) the inside of: Please wait inside the room. \ في داخِل النَّفْس \ inwardly: secretly; as regards one’s inner feelings: I was inwardly delighted, but I pretended not to care. \ في دَرَجَة الغَلَيان \ on the boil: boiling; at this heat. \ في ذلك المكان \ there: at that place: I live there. \ في رأيي \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في سَبِيل \ in the process of: to be doing: I am in the process of painting my house. sake, for the sake, of, for sb.’s sake: for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake, for the desire of Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?. \ في سِنّ المُرَاهَقَة \ teenage: in one’s teens: a teenage girl. \ في شكّ \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ في صحَّة جيِّدة \ fit: healthy: We take exercise so as to keep fit. \ في صَفّ \ in single file: in one line, one behind the other: We had to ride in single file down the narrow path. \ في الطّابِق الأَسْفل \ downstairs: at the bottom of the stairs; in a room at that level: I’ll wait for you downstairs. \ في الطّابِق الفوقانيّ \ overhead: above one’s head: a noise in the room overhead; clouds in the sky overhead. \ في طَرَف \ up: along (up and down are both used like this, although the course may be quite level): He lives just up the road. \ في طريق النُّور \ in sb.’s light: preventing light from reaching him: I can’t read if you stand in my light. \ في الظّاهر \ outwardly: as regards the appearance (compared with the hidden facts or inner feelings): She was outwardly calm but inwardly full of anger. \ في العَام \ annual: happening every year; of a year: an annual feast; the annual production of oil. \ في عَجلة من أمره \ in a hurry: Ants are always in a hurry. \ في العَرَاء \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under she stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في (عُرض) البَحْر \ at sea: on the sea; far from land: a storm at sea. \ في عُطلة \ on holiday, on vacation: having a holiday: The schools are on holiday. We’re going on vacation to the sea. \ See Also إجازة( إجازة)‏ \ في غابر الأزمان (كان يا ما كان...)‏ \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ في الغَالِب \ mainly: chiefly; mostly. \ في غالِب الظنّ \ probably: almost certainly; with little doubt: You’re probably right. \ في غاية الجُنون \ raving mad: noisily and violently mad. \ في غَمْضَة عَيْن \ in no time: very quickly; very soon: If you follow this path, you’ll get there in no time. \ في غِيَابِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ في كُلٍّ \ a; an; each; every: twice a day. 80 miles an hour. ten pence a packet. \ في كل مكان \ everywhere: in all places: I’ve looked for it everywhere. \ في كل وقت \ ever: at all times; always: I shall stay there for ever. \ في لحظة خاطفة \ in a flash: very quickly and suddenly: He seized the money and was gone in a flash. \ في اللحظة المناسبة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في اللَّيْل \ at night: during the night. overnight: for the night: I shall stay at a hotel overnight and come back tomorrow, on the night before; during the night I packed my suitcase overnight, so as to be ready to leave at sunrise. His car was stolen overnight. \ في المائَة \ per cent: for, out, of, each hundred: Six per cent of the boys failed the exam, (one part) of each hundred I’m a 100 per cent in agreement with you. About 70 per cent (written as 70%) of the people are farmers. \ في المُتَنَاوَل \ forthcoming: supplied when needed: We wanted a new school clock, but the money was not forthcoming. \ في مُتَناوَل \ within: inside; not beyond; within reach; within one’s powers. \ في متناول اليَد \ at hand: near; within reach: Help was at hand. handy: near; easily reached when wanted: Keep that book handy so that you can look at it often. \ في مَجْمُوعَة بين \ among(st): in the middle of; mixed with; surrounded by: I found this letter among my books. There is a secret enemy amongst us. \ في مِحْنة خَطَر \ in distress: (of a ship or aeroplane) in dangerous trouble; needing help. \ في المُدّة الأخيرة \ lately: not long ago; in the near past: Have you seen her lately?. \ في المرَّة التالية \ next: the next time: I’ll give it to you when I next see you. \ See Also القادمة \ في مُقَابِل \ for: showing that something is as a return or in place of: I gave him $5 for his help. Will you change this old car for a new one?. in return (for): in exchange or payment for: Give her some flowers in return for her kindness. \ في المقام الأوّل \ firstly: as the first reason, fact, etc: I need a hot drink. Firstly, because I’m cold; secondly, because I’m thirsty. \ في المقدمة \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في مَكَان \ in sb,’s stead: in sb.’s place; instead of sb.. \ See Also بدلا من (بدلاً من)‏ \ في مَكَان آخَر \ elsewhere: in some other place. \ في المَكَان \ in position: in the correct position. \ See Also المَوضِع الصَّحيح \ في مَكَان قَريب \ by: near: He stood by and watched them. \ في مَكَانٍ ما \ somewhere: in or to some place (but usu. anywhere in negative sentences and questions): I’ve met him somewhere before. Let’s go somewhere peaceful (to some peaceful place). \ في المكان والزّمان المذكورين \ on the spot: in that place and at that moment: Fortunately a doctor was on the spot when she broke her leg. \ في مكانه \ belong: to be in the right place: This book belongs on the top shelf. \ See Also موضِعِه المناسب \ في مَلْعَبِه \ at home: (of a match) on one’s own field: Our team are playing at home tomorrow. \ في مُنْتَصَف الطَّريق \ midway: halfway; in the middle: The station is midway between the two villages. \ في مَوعِد لاَ يَتَجَاوَز \ by: before; not later than: Can you finish this by Tuesday? They ought to be here by now. \ في المَوْعِد المحدَّد \ on time: exactly at the appointed moment: The bus always leaves on time. \ في مياه أعمق من قَامَته \ out of one’s depth: in water that is too deep to stand up in: Don’t go out of your depth unless you can swim. \ في النّادِر \ rarely: not often; hardly at all: She rarely smokes. \ في نظر \ in the eyes of: in the opinion of: In his mother’s eyes he can do no wrong. \ في نَظَري \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في النّهايَة \ at last: in the end, after much delay: The train was very slow, but we got there at last. at length: at last; in the end: He waited two hours. At length he went home. finally: lastly; in the end. \ في نِهايَة الأمْر \ in the long run: after a period of time; in the end: It’ll be cheaper in the long run to buy good quality shoes. \ See Also عَلَى المدى الطويل \ في هذا الوقت \ now: (in a written account) at the time that is being described: The war was now over. \ في هَذا المَكَان \ about: here: Is anyone about?. \ في هذه الأَثْنَاء \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في هذه الأَيَّام \ nowadays: in these times (compared with the past): Travel is much easier nowadays. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في هذه الحالة \ all right: (also alright), in that case: You don’t want it? All right, I’ll give it to someone else. \ في هذه اللَّحْظَة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. just now: at this moment: I’m busy just now. \ في الهواء الطَّلْق \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under the stars. out of doors, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في الوَاقِع \ in reality: in fact. \ في الوَاقِع \ actually: in fact; really: She looks about thirty, but actually she’s thirty-nine. as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. truly: really: Are you truly sorry for your crimes?. virtually: actually but not officially: He was virtually a prisoner in his home, as he did not dare to go out while the police were watching. \ في الوَسَط \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَسْط المسافة \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَضَح (النهار)‏ \ broad: (of daylight) full; complete: The bank was robbed in broad daylight. \ في وَضع لا يجوز فيه رَكْل الكُرة \ offside: (of a player in football, etc.) breaking a rule by being in a position in which play is not allowed. \ في الوَقْت الحَاضِر \ at present: now; at the present time: At present I have no job, but I shall get one soon. for the time being: for the present: I have no job, but I’m helping my father for the time being. now: at the present time: Where are you working now? Now is the time to plant those seeds. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في وَقْتٍ لاَحِق \ after: later: She came first and he arrived soon after. \ في وقتٍ ما \ sometime: (often two words, some time) at a time not exactly known or stated: Come again sometime. He left sometime after dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر \ late: after the proper or usual time; not early: We always go to bed very late. He arrived too late for dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر مِن \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الوَقْتِ المُقَرَّر \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في وَقْتٍ من الأوقات \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في الوَقْتِ المناسب \ early: in good time for one’s purpose; before the fixed time: We arrived early and got the best seats. in due course: later; after a reasonable delay: He will get better in due course. in good time: slightly early: He came in good time for the meeting. \ في وقت واحد \ at a time: together: They arrived three at a time (in groups of three). \ في يوم من الأيام \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ See Also كان يا ما كان

Arabic-English dictionary > في
15 fuera

adv.

1 outside.

hace frío fuera it's cold outside

fuera de la casa outside the house

lo echó fuera she threw him out

salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot

hacia fuera outward

por fuera (on the) outside

sólo vimos la iglesia por fuera we only saw the church from the outside

2 away.

Ana está fuera Ana is away (de viaje)

de fuera from abroad (extranjero)

a los de fuera les sorprende people who aren't from round here o strangers find it strange

intj.

out of here, go away, get out, out.

imperf.subj.

1 3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ser.

2 1^st person singular (yo) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ir.

* * *

fuera

► adverbio

1 (exterior) out, outside

■ por fuera on the outside

■ gente de fuera people from other places

■ salimos fuera we went out, we went outside

2 (alejado) away; (en el extranjero) abroad

► interjección

1 get out!

► preposición fuera de

1 (un lugar) out of; (más allá de) outside, beyond; (excepto) except for, apart from

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself

fuera de combate knocked out

fuera de duda beyond doubt

fuera de lo normal extraordinary, very unusual

fuera de peligro out of danger

fuera de serie extraordinary

jugar fuera DEPORTE to play away

el equipo de fuera DEPORTE the away team

fuera de juego offside

————————

fuera

► imperfecto subjuntivo

1→ link=ser ser

2→ link=ir ir

* * *

adv.

1) outside, out

2) away

3) abroad

•

- fuera de

* * *

ADV

1) [de edificio, objeto] [indicando posición] outside; [indicando dirección] out

los niños estaban jugando fuera — the children were playing outside

¡estamos aquí fuera! — we're out here!

el perro tenía la lengua fuera — the dog had his tongue hanging out

llevaba la camisa fuera — his shirt was hanging out

¡fuera! — get out!

¡segundos fuera! — (Boxeo) seconds out!

ir o salir fuera — to go out, go outside

• comer fuera — [al aire libre] to eat outside; [en restaurante] to eat out

hoy vamos a cenar fuera — we're going out for dinner tonight, we're eating out tonight

• de fuera — from outside

trae una silla de fuera — bring a chair in from outside

productos que vienen de fuera de la Unión Europea — products from outside the European Union

tenemos que traer a alguien de fuera — we need to bring somebody from outside in

• desde fuera — from outside

• la parte de fuera — the outside, the outer part

• por fuera — (on the) outside

lo han pintado solo por fuera — they've only painted it on the outside

por fuera está duro — it's hard on the outside

esta camisa se lleva por fuera — this shirt is worn outside, this shirt is not tucked in
lengua 1)
2) [de ciudad, trabajo]

estar fuera — to be away, be out of town

estuvo fuera ocho semanas — he was away for eight weeks

mis padres llevan varios días fuera — my parents have been away for several days

3) (tb: fuera del país) abroad, out of the country

toda la maquinaria viene de fuera — all the machinery comes from abroad

vienen visitantes de fuera para verlo — people come from abroad to see it

"¡invasores fuera!" — "invaders go home!"

estar fuera — to be abroad

ir o salir fuera — to go abroad

4) (Dep)

a) [en un partido]

estar fuera — [pelota] (Ftbl) to be out of play; (Rugby) to be in touch; (Tenis) to be out

• fuera de juego — offside

• fuera de tiempo, estamos fuera de tiempo — time's up

• tirar fuera — to shoot wide

b) (tb: fuera de casa) away, away from home

el equipo de fuera — the away team

una victoria fuera de casa — an away win

jugar fuera — to play away (from home)

5)

• fuera de —

a) (=en el exterior de) outside, out of

estaba fuera de su jaula — it was outside o out of its cage

esperamos fuera de la puerta — we waited outside the door

b) (=aparte) apart from, aside from

pero fuera de eso — but apart o aside from that

fuera de que... — apart from the fact that...

c)

• fuera de alcance — out of reach

• fuera de combate — (Mil) wounded; (Boxeo) K.O.ed

dejar a algn fuera de combate — to knock sb out

quedar fuera de combate — to be knocked out

• fuera de lo común — unusual

• estar fuera de lugar — to be inappropriate, be out of place

• fuera de peligro — out of danger

• fuera de serie — exceptional

se ha comprado un coche fuera de serie — he has bought an exceptional car

es un fuera de serie — he's quite exceptional

- estar fuera de sí

* * *
I
adverbio

1)

a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien — it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

pintar una casa por fuera — to paint the outside of a house

por fuera es rojo — it's red on the outside

b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

c) ( en interjecciones)

fuera (de aquí)! — get out (of here)!

fuera los traidores! — traitors out!

2)

fuera de — (loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

está fuera del país — he's out of the country

ocurrió fuera del edificio — it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance — it's out of my price range

fuera del alcance de los niños — out of reach of the children

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

b) ( excepto) apart from

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3) (en otras locs)

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

•

- fuera de borda

- fuera de juego or de lugar

- fuera de la ley

- fuera de serie
II
fuéramos, etc see ir, ser

* * *

= in the open.

Ex. As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.

----

* bebida de fuera = outside drink.

* caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.

* caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.

* caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.

* circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.

* colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* comer fuera = eat out.

* comida de fuera = outside food.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.

* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.

* dentro y fuera de = in and out of.

* desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.

* desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.

* desde fuera = from the outside.

* echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.

* encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.

* estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.

* estar fuera = be out.

* estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.

* estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.

* estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.

* estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.

* estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.

* estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.

* estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.

* estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.

* fuera de = outside (of), outwith.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera de circulación = out of circulation.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* fuera de cobertura = out of range.

* fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.

* fuera de juego = offside.

* fuera de la casa = out-of-home.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.

* fuera de la universidad = off-campus.

* fuera de la vista = out of view.

* fuera del campus = off-campus.

* fuera del control de = beyond the control of.

* fuera del escenario = off stage.

* fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.

* fuera de línea = offline [off-line].

* fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.

* fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.

* fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.

* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.

* fuera del redil = beyond the pale.

* fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.

* fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.

* fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.

* fuera de plazo = late.

* fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.

* fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.

* fuera de rumbo = off course.

* fuera de secuencia = out of range.

* fuera de serie = crackerjack.

* fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.

* fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.

* fuera de tino = wide of the mark.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* gol fuera de juego = offside goal.

* hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.

* hacia fuera = outwards.

* impresión fuera de línea = offline print.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.

* salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.

* tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* un día fuera = a day out.

* usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

* * *
I
adverbio

1)

a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien — it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

pintar una casa por fuera — to paint the outside of a house

por fuera es rojo — it's red on the outside

b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

c) ( en interjecciones)

fuera (de aquí)! — get out (of here)!

fuera los traidores! — traitors out!

2)

fuera de — (loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

está fuera del país — he's out of the country

ocurrió fuera del edificio — it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance — it's out of my price range

fuera del alcance de los niños — out of reach of the children

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

b) ( excepto) apart from

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3) (en otras locs)

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

•

- fuera de borda

- fuera de juego or de lugar

- fuera de la ley

- fuera de serie
II
fuéramos, etc see ir, ser

* * *

fuera(de)

= outside (of), outwith

Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex: Researchers outwith the higher education system consider research library information services inadequate.

= in the open.

Ex: As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.

* bebida de fuera = outside drink.

* caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.

* caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.

* caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.

* circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.

* colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* comer fuera = eat out.

* comida de fuera = outside food.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.

* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.

* dentro y fuera de = in and out of.

* desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.

* desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.

* desde fuera = from the outside.

* echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.

* encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.

* estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.

* estar fuera = be out.

* estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.

* estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.

* estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.

* estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.

* estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.

* estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.

* estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.

* estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.

* fuera de = outside (of), outwith.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera de circulación = out of circulation.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* fuera de cobertura = out of range.

* fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.

* fuera de juego = offside.

* fuera de la casa = out-of-home.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.

* fuera de la universidad = off-campus.

* fuera de la vista = out of view.

* fuera del campus = off-campus.

* fuera del control de = beyond the control of.

* fuera del escenario = off stage.

* fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.

* fuera de línea = offline [off-line].

* fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.

* fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.

* fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.

* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.

* fuera del redil = beyond the pale.

* fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.

* fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.

* fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.

* fuera de plazo = late.

* fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.

* fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.

* fuera de rumbo = off course.

* fuera de secuencia = out of range.

* fuera de serie = crackerjack.

* fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.

* fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.

* fuera de tino = wide of the mark.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* gol fuera de juego = offside goal.

* hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.

* hacia fuera = outwards.

* impresión fuera de línea = offline print.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.

* salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.

* tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* un día fuera = a day out.

* usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

* * *

fuera¹

adverb

A

1 (lugar, parte) [ Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

el perro duerme fuera the dog sleeps outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera (en el jardín) we'll eat out in the garden o outside o outdoors; (en un restaurante) we'll eat out

queremos pintar la casa por fuera we want to paint the outside o the exterior of the house

por fuera es rojo it's red on the outside

cose/lava para fuera she does sewing for other people/takes in washing

2 (en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera (los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

3

(en interjecciones): ¡fuera de aquí! get out of here!, get out!

¡fuera los traidores! traitors out!

¡fuera cuentos! ¡a la escuela! ( Esp); no more excuses o that's enough of your excuses, off to school with you!

en sus marcas, listos, ¡fuera! ( Méx); on your marks, get set, go!

B

fuera de ( loc prep)

1

(en el exterior de, más allá de): ¿quién dejó el helado fuera del congelador? who left the ice cream out of the freezer?

pasa mucho tiempo fuera del país he spends a lot of time out of the country o abroad

ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance it's out of my price range

ponlo fuera del alcance de los niños put it out of reach of the children, put it out of the children's reach

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles outside o beyond the range of the missiles

2 (excepto) apart from

fuera de estos zapatos, no me he comprado nada I haven't bought myself anything, apart from o except for these shoes

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart from that o otherwise o ( AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3

(además): fuera de que su padre tampoco se lo permitiría besides which o apart from which her father wouldn't allow it anyway

C ( en otras locs):

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate ( Dep) he knocked him out

tras el escándalo quedó fuera de combate after the scandal he was out of the running, the scandal knocked o put him out of the running

fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified

su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition

fuera de cuentas overdue

fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law o as outlaws

fuera de lugar ‹mueble/persona› out of place;

‹comentario› inappropriate, out of place

estuvo totalmente fuera de lugar que lo interrumpieras así it was completely out of order to interrupt him like that

fuera de peligro out of danger

fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;

‹máquina/mueble› custom-built, one-off

un verano fuera de serie an exceptionally good summer

fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself

fuera de temporada or estación out of season

Compuestos:

● fuera de borda

masculine (pl fuera de borda) (lancha) outboard, boat with an outboard motor o engine; (motor) outboard motor o engine, outboard

● fuera de juego

masculine offside

estaba en fuera de juego he was offside

● fuera de la ley

masculine and feminine (pl fuera de la fuera) outlaw

● fuera de lugar

( AmL) masculine fuera de juego

● fuera de serie

masculine and feminine (pl fuera de fuera)

su nuevo chef es un fuera de serie their new chef is exceptionally good o is quite exceptional o is outstanding

fuera², fuéramos, etc

ir, ser¹ (↑ ser (1))

* * *

Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir)

fuera es:

1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser)

fuera es:

1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

Multiple Entries:
fuera
ir
ser
fuera adverbio
1
a) (lugar, parte) Latin American Spanish also uses

◊ afuera in this sense outside;

comeremos fuera ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside;

( en un restaurante) we'll eat out;
◊ por fuera es rojo it's red on the outside;

aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here;
se pasa el día fuera she's out all day
b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country;

(del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away
2
◊ fuera de ( loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of;

◊ está fuera del país he's out of the country;

ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building;
fuera de peligro/lugar out of danger/place;
¡fuera (de aquí)! get out (of here)!
b) ( excepto) apart from;

◊ fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3 ( en otras locs):
◊ fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out;

fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;
fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself;
fuera de temporada out of season
ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ fuera en taxi to go by taxi;

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
fuera por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el fuera y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
fuera de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
fuera por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;

ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) fuera a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb fuera v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;

¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;

voy a fuera de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) fuera de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter

1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) fuera a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;

el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;

con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2
a) ( combinar) fuera con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;

te fueraá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) fuerale a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team

1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

fuera v aux fuera a + inf:
1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;

va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;

cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;

ya puedes fuera haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ fuerase de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
era cierto it was true;
sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ siempre le he sido fiel I've always been faithful to her;

ver tb imposible, difícil etc
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ el mayor es casado the oldest is married;

es viuda she's a widow;
ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;
◊ soy abogada I'm a lawyer;

ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):
◊ esos zapatos son de plástico those shoes are (made of) plastic;

soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
5 (hipótesis, futuro):
◊ será un error it must be a mistake;

¿será cierto? can it be true?
verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( existir) to be

b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

2
a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):

◊ la fiesta va a fuera en su casa the party is going to be (held) at her house;

¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?
b) ( en preguntas):

◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
3 ( sumar):
◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) fuera para algo to be for sth;
◊ este agua es para beber this water is for drinking

( en locs)
◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
(ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
sea como sea at all costs;
sea cuando sea whenever it is;
sea donde sea no matter where;
sea quien sea whoever it is;
si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
( en el tiempo) to be;
◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
ver tb v impers
fuera v impers to be;
◊ era primavera it was spring(time)

fuera v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
■ sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( ente) being;

◊ fuera humano/vivo human/living being

b) (individuo, persona):

◊ un fuera querido a loved one

2 ( naturaleza):
◊ desde lo más profundo de mi fuera from the bottom of my heart

fuera adverbio
1 (en/hacia la parte exterior) outside, out: fuera hacía mucho calor, it was hot outside
salgamos fuera, let's go out
2 (no en el lugar habitual) out, away: comeremos fuera, we'll go out for lunch
está fuera, she's away
3 Dep fuera de juego, offside
nuestro equipo juega fuera, our team is playing away
ganaron los de fuera, the away team won
4 (sobrepasando límites prescritos) after
fuera de alcance, out of reach
fuera de horario, after hours
fuera de plazo, after the deadline
(más allá) beyond, out of
fuera de mis posiblidades, beyond my means
fuera de peligro, out of danger
♦ Locuciones: estar fuera de sí, to be beside oneself
fuera de serie, extraordinary
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
ser
I sustantivo masculino
1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
ser humano, human being
ser vivo, living being
2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
II verbo intransitivo
1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
ya es la una, it's one o'clock
3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
(al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
(adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
como sea, anyhow
de no ser por..., had it not been for
es más, furthermore
es que..., it's just that...
lo que sea, whatever
o sea, that is (to say)
sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
' fuera' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alcance
- balón
- biruji
- borda
- combate
- convencer
- dejar
- desencajada
- desencajado
- desentonar
- desleal
- desplazada
- desplazado
- destiempo
- duda
- espuela
- extemporánea
- extemporáneo
- exterior
- extraescolar
- fenomenal
- haber
- juego
- lengua
- lógica
- lugar
- mayoría
- necesaria
- necesario
- onda
- plazo
- proscrita
- proscrito
- quicio
- revés
- salir
- serie
- servicio
- tono
- única
- único
- afuera
- anhelar
- cena
- comer
- común
- cual
- desnivelado
- esperar
- lancha
English:
add to
- amok
- annul
- around-the clock
- away
- beside
- beyond
- boot
- bound
- busing
- care
- catapult
- chase away
- clear
- commission
- control
- danger
- dine
- distraught
- dome
- eat out
- ex
- exclude
- farm out
- go out
- hand
- here
- house-sit
- lest
- look out
- meal
- misplaced
- off-duty
- off-limits
- off-piste
- off-screen
- offside
- one-off
- ordinary
- original
- out
- out of
- out-of-bounds
- outdoors
- outside
- outward
- outwards
- piste
- place
- play

* * *

fuera

♦

1. ver ir

2. ver ser

♦ adv

1. [en el exterior] outside;

hace frío fuera it's cold outside;

lo echó fuera she threw him out;

salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot;

fuera de la casa outside the house;

el ruido viene de fuera the noise is coming from outside;

hacia fuera outwards;

sólo vimos la catedral por fuera we only saw the cathedral from the outside;

llevas la camisa por fuera your shirt isn't tucked in properly;

por fuera es de color amarillo it's yellow on the outside

2. [en otro lugar] away;
[en el extranjero] abroad;
de fuera [extranjero] from abroad;

Marta está fuera [de viaje] Marta is away;
[ha salido] Marta is out;
a los de fuera les sorprenden mucho las costumbres locales people who aren't from round here o strangers find the local customs very strange

3.
fuera de [alcance, peligro] out of;
[cálculos, competencia] outside;
estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself (with rage);

ese comentario está fuera de lugar that remark is out of place;

fuera de plazo after the closing date;

fuera de la ley illegal;

fuera de control out of control;

presentó su película fuera de concurso his film was shown, but not judged as part of the competition

4. Dep [de límites]
la pelota salió fuera the ball went out (of play)

Comp
fuera de banda out of play;
fuera de combate knocked out;
Fig out of action;
fuera de juego offside;

estar en fuera de juego to be offside;

Comp
Esp
pillar a alguien en fuera de juego to catch sb out;
Am fuera de lugar offside; Am
estar en fuera de lugar to be offside

5. Dep [en campo ajeno] away;

jugar fuera to play away (from home);

el equipo de fuera the away team

6.
fuera de [excepto] except for, apart from;

fuera de eso, he cumplido todos tus caprichos apart from that, I've done everything you wanted me to;

fuera de bromas, ¿has fijado ya una fecha para la boda? seriously though o joking apart, have you set a date for the wedding yet?;

fuera de serie exceptional, out of the ordinary;

Comp

ser un fuera de serie to be one of a kind

♦ interj
[de habitación, lugar] get out!; [en el teatro] get off!;
¡fuera, fuera, fuera! [cántico] off!, off!, off!;

¡fuera los políticos corruptos! out with all corrupt politicians!;

¡fuera de aquí! get out of my sight!

* * *

fuera

I vb → ir, ser

II adv outside; (en otro lugar) away; (en otro país) abroad;

por fuera on the outside;

de fuera de otro departamento, cuerpo de policía etc from outside, outside atr ; de otro lugar strange; persona stranger; de otro país foreign; persona foreigner;

¡fuera! get out!

III prp

:

fuera de outside;

¡sal fuera de aquí! get out of here!;

está fuera del país he’s abroad, he’s out of the country;

fuera de eso aside from that, apart from that;

estar fuera de sí be beside o.s.

* * *

fuera adv

1) : outside, out

2) : abroad, away

3)

fuera de : outside of, out of, beyond

4)

fuera de : besides, in addition to

fuera de eso: aside from that

5)

fuera de lugar : out of place, amiss

* * *

fuera¹ adv

1. (en el exterior) outside

salgo fuera un momento I'm going outside for a minute

sacamos la mesa fuera we took the table outside

2. (no en casa, no en su sitio) out

han salido a cenar fuera they've gone out for dinner

¿quién ha dejado la leche fuera de la nevera? who left the milk out of the fridge?

3. (lejos de casa) away

se ha ido fuera unos días he's gone away for a few days

4. (del país) abroad

se va a estudiar fuera she's going to study abroad

estar fuera de combate to be knocked out

estar fuera de sí to be beside yourself

fuera de juego offside

fuera de lugar out of place

gente de fuera outsiders

fuera² interj

1. (para echar a alguien) get out!

2. (para protestar) off! / out!

Spanish-English dictionary > fuera
16 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
17 पञ्चन् _pañcan

पञ्चन् num. a. (Always pl., nom. and acc. पञ्च) Five. (As the first member of comp. पञ्चन् drops its final न्). [cf. Gr. pente.]

-Comp. -अंशः the fifth part, a fifth.

-अग्निः 1 an aggregate of five sacred fires; i. e. (अन्वाहार्यपचन or दक्षिण, गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय, सभ्य, and आव- सथ्य).

-2 a householder who maintains the five sacred fires; पञ्चाग्नयो धृतव्रताः Māl.1; Ms.3.185.

-3 five mystic fires supposed to exist in the body; तेजो ह्यग्निस्तथा क्रोधश्चक्षुरूष्मा तथैव च । अग्निर्जरयते यच्च पञ्चाग्नेयाः शरीरिणः ॥ Mb.12.184.21.

-4 one who is acquainted with the doctrine of these fires. ˚साधनम् four fires on four sides and the sun above the head. This is a form of penance.

-अङ्ग a. five-membered, having five parts or divi- sions as in पञ्चाङ्गः प्रणामः (i. e. बाहुभ्यां चैव जानुभ्यां शिरसा वक्षसा दृशा); कृतपञ्चाङ्गविनिर्णयो नयः Ki.2.12. (see Malli. and Kāmandaka quoted by him); पञ्चाङ्गमभिनयमुपदिश्य M.1; चित्ताक्षिभ्रूहस्तपादैरङ्गैश्चेष्टादिसाम्यतः । पात्राद्यवस्थाकरणं पञ्चाङ्गे$भिनयो मतः ॥

(-ङ्गः) 1 a tortoise or turtle.

-2 a kind of horse with five spots in different parts of his body. (

-ङ्गी) a bit for horses.

-(ङ्गम्) 1 collection or aggregate of five parts.

-2 five modes of devotion (silent prayer, oblations, libations, bathing idols and feeding Brāhmaṇas)

-3 the five parts of a tree; त्वक्पत्रकुसुमं मूलफलमेकस्य शाखिनः । एकत्र मिलितं चैतत् पञ्चाङ्ग- मिति संज्ञितम् ॥

-4 a calendar or almanac, so called be- cause it treats of five things:-- (तिथिर्वारश्च नक्षत्रं योगः करणमेव च); चतुरङ्गबलो राजा जगतीं वशमानयेत् । अहं पञ्चा- ङ्गबलवानाकाशं वशमानये ॥ Shbhāṣ. ˚गुप्तः a turtle. ˚पत्रम् a calendar. ˚विनिर्णयः the five rules are as follows; सहायाः साधनोपाया विभागो देशकालयोः । विनिपातप्रतीकारः सिद्धिः पञ्चाङ्ग- मिष्यते ॥ Kāmandak; cf. Ki.2.12. ˚शुद्धिः f. the propiti- ousness or favourable state of five important points; i. e. तिथि, वार, नक्षत्र, योग and करण (in astrology).

-अङ्गिक a. five-membered.

-अङ्गुल a. (

-ला or

-ली f.) measuring five fingers. (

-लः) the castor-oil plant.

-अ(आ)जम् the five products of the goat; cf. पञ्चगव्य.

-अतिग a. liberated (मुक्त); सो$पि पञ्चातिगो$भवत् Mb. 12.59.9.

-अप्सरस् n. N. of a lake, said to have been created by the sage Mandakarni; cf. R.13.38.

-अमरा The five plants i. e. (Mar. भांग, दूर्वा, बेल, निर्गुडी and तुळस.

-अमृत a. consisting of 5 ingredients.

-(तम्) 1 the aggregate of five drugs; dry ginger, a species of Moonseed (Cocculus cordifolius, Mar. गुळवेल), Asparagus recemosus (Mar. शतावरी), Hypoxis brevifolia (Mar. मुसळी), गोक्षुरक (Mar. गोखरूं).

-2 the collection of five sweet things used in worshipping deities; (दुग्धं च शर्करा चैव घृतं दधि तथा मधु).

-3 the five elements; Māl.5.2.

-अम्लम् the aggregate of five acid plants (the jujube, pomegranate, sorrel, spondias and citron).

-अर्चिस् m. the planet Mercury.

- अवयव a. five-membered (as a syllogism, the five members being, प्रतिज्ञा, हेतु, उदाहरण, उपनय and निगमन q. v.).

-अवस्थः a corpse (so called because it is resolved into the five elements) cf. पञ्चत्व below.

-अविकम् the five products of the sheep; cf. पञ्चगव्य.

-अशीतिः f. eighty-five.

-अहः a period of five days.

- आतप a. doing penance with five fires. (i. e. with four fires and the sun); cf. R.13.41.

-आत्मक a. consisting of five elements (as body).

-आननः, -आस्यः, -मुखः, -वक्त्रः 1 epithets of Śiva.

-2 a lion (so called because its mouth is generally wide open; पञ्चम् आननं यस्य), (often used at the end of names of learned men to express great learning or respect; न्याय˚, तर्क˚ &c. e. g. जगन्नाथतर्कपञ्चानन); see पञ्च a.

-3 the sign Leo of the zodiac. (

-नी) an epithet of Durgā.

-आम्नायाः m. (pl.) five Śāstras supposed to have proceeded from the five mouths of Śiva.

-आयतनी, -नम् a group of five deities like गणपति, विष्णु, शंकर, देवी and सूर्य.

-इन्द्रियम् an aggregate of the five organs (of sense or actions; see इन्द्रियम्).

-इषुः, -बाणः, -शरः epithets of the god of love; (so called because he has five arrows; their names are:-- अरविन्दमशोकं च चूतं च नवमल्लिका । नीलोत्पलं च पञ्चैते पञ्चबाणस्य सायकाः ॥ the five arrows are also thus named:-- संमोहनोन्मादनौ च शोषणस्तापनस्तथा । स्तम्भनश्चेति कामस्य पञ्चबाणाः प्रकीर्तिताः ॥).

-उपचारः the five articles of worship i. e. (गन्ध, पुष्प, धूप, दीप and नैवेद्य).

-उष्मन् m. (pl.) the five digestive fires supposed to be in the body.

-कपाल a. prepared or offered in five cups.

-कर्ण a. branded in the ear with the number 'five' (as cattle &c.); cf. P.VI.3.115.

-कर्मन् n. (in medicine) the five kinds of treatment; i. e. 1 वमन 'giving emetics'; 2 रेचन 'purging'; 3 नस्य 'giving stre- nutatories'; 4 अनुवासन 'administering an enema which is oily', and 5 निरूह 'administering an enema which is not oily. वमनं रेचनं नस्यं निरूहश्चानुवासनम् । पञ्चकर्मेदमन्यश्च ज्ञेयमुत्क्षेपणादिकम् ॥

-कल्याणकः a horse with white feet and a white mouth.

-कषाय a decoction from the fruits of five plants (जम्बु, शाल्मलि, वाट्याल, बकुल and बदर).

-कृत्यम् the five actions by which the Supreme Power manifests itself (सृष्टि, स्थिति, संहार, तिरोभाव and अनुग्रह- करण).

-कृत्वस् ind. five times.

-कृष्णः A kind of game. (

-ष्णाः) The five deities of Mahānubhāva sect namely चक्रवर्ती कृष्ण, Datta of Mātāpura, Gundam Raul of ऋद्धिपुर, चांगदेव राऊळ of द्वारावती and चांगदेव राऊळ of प्रतिष्ठान.

-कोणः a pentagon.

-कोलम् the five spices taken collec- tively; पिप्पली पिप्पलीमूलं चव्यचित्रकनागरम् । पञ्चकोलं......... (Mar. पिंपळी, पिंपळमूळ, चवक, चित्रक व सुंठ).

-कोषाः m. (pl.) the five vestures or wrappers supposed to invest the soul; they are:-- अन्नमयकोष or the earthly body (स्थूलशरीर); प्राणमयकोष the vesture of the vital airs; मनो- मयकोष the sensorial vesture; विज्ञानमयकोष the cognitional vesture (these three form the लिङ्गशरीर); and आनन्द- मयकोष the last vesture, that of beatitude. कोषैरन्नमयाद्यैः पञ्चभिरात्मा न संवृतो भाति । निजशक्तिसमुप्तन्नैः शैवालप़टलैरिवाम्बु वापीस्थम् ॥ Vivekachūdāmaṇi.

-क्रोशी 1 a distance of five Kroṣas.

-2 N. of the city, Banares.

-खट्वम्, -खट्वी a collection of five beds.

-गत a. (in alg.) raised to the fifth power.

-गवम् a collection of five cows.

-गव्यम् the five products of the cow taken collectively; i. e. milk, curds, clarified butter or ghee, urine, and cowdung (क्षीरं दधि तथा चाज्यं मूत्रं गोमयमेव च).

-गु a. bought with five cows.

-गुण a. five-fold. (

-णाः) the five objects of sense (रूप, रस, गन्ध, स्पर्श and शब्द). (

-णी) the earth.

-गुप्तः 1 a tortoise (as drawing in its 4 feet and head).

-2 the materialistic system of philosophy, the doctrines of the Chārvākas.

-घातः (in music) a kind of mea- sure.

-चत्वारिंश a. forty-fifth.

-चत्वारिंशत् f. forty-five.

-चामरम् N. of 2 kinds of metre; प्रमाणिकापदद्वयं वदन्ति पञ्चचामरम् Vṛittaratnākara.

-जनः 1 a man, man- kind.

-2 N. of a demon who had assumed the form of a conch-shell, and was slain by Kṛiṣṇa; तस्मै प्रादाद्वरं पुत्रं मृतं पञ्चजनोदरात् Bhāg.3.3.2.

-3 the soul.

-4 the five classes of beings; i. e. gods, men, Gandharvas, serpents and pitṛis; यस्मिन् पञ्च पञ्चजना आकाशश्च प्रतिष्ठितः Bṛi. Up.4.4.17.

-5 the four primary castes of the Hindus (ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य and शूद्र) with the Niṣādas or barbarians as the fifth (pl. in these two senses); (for a full exposition see Sārirabhāṣya on Br. Sūtras 1.4.11-13). (

-नी) an assemblage of five persons.

-जनीन a. devoted to the five races. (

-नः) an actor, a mimic, buffoon, one who is devoted to the pentad viz. singer, musician, dancer, harlot and a jester; गायकवादक- नर्तकदासीभण्डरतः खलु पञ्चजनीनः Bhāsāvritti on P.V.1.9.

-ज्ञानः 1 an epithet of Buddha as possessing the five kinds of knowledge.

-2 a man familiar with the doc- trines of the Pāśupatas.

-तक्षम्, -क्षी a collection of five carpenters.

-तत्त्वम् 1 the five elements taken collectively; i. e. पृत्थी, अप्, तेजस्, वायु and आकाश.

-2 (in the Tantras) the five essentials of the Tāntrikas, also called पञ्चमकार because they all begin with म; i. e. मद्य, मांस, मत्स्य, मुद्रा and मैथुन.

-तन्त्रम् N. of a well-known collection in five books containing moral stories and fables by Visnugupta; पञ्चतन्त्रात्तथान्यस्माद् ग्रन्थादाकृष्य लिख्यते H. Pr.9.

-तन्मात्रम् the five subtle and pri- mary elements (such as शब्द, रस, स्पर्श and रूप and गन्ध).

-तपस् m. an ascetic who in summer practises penance sitting in the middle of four fires with the sun burning right over his head; cf. हविर्भुजामेधवतां चतुर्णां मध्ये ललाटंतपसप्तसप्तिः R.13.41; Ku.5.23; Ms.6.23 and Śi.2.51. also; ग्रीष्मे पञ्चतपा वीरो वर्षास्वासारषाण्मुनिः Bhāg. 4.23.6; Rām.3.6.5.

-तय a. five-fold; वृत्तयः पञ्चतय्यः क्लिष्टा अक्लिष्टाः Mbh. (

-यः) a pentad.

-तिक्तम् the five bitter things:-- निवामृतावृषपटोलनिदिग्धिकाश्च.

-त्रिंश a. thirtyfifth.

-त्रिंशत्, -त्रिंशतिः f. thirty-five.

-दश a.

1 fifteenth.

-2 increased by fifteen; as in पञ्चदशं शतम् 'one hundred and fifteen'.

-दशन् a. (pl.) fifteen.

˚अहः a period of fifteen days.

-दशिन् a. made or consisting of fifteen.

-दशी 1 the fifteenth day of a lunar fort- night (the full or new moon day); Y.1.146.

-2 N. of a philosophical work (प्रकरणग्रन्थ) by माधवाचार्य (विद्यारण्य).

-दीर्घम् the five long parts of the body; the arms, eyes, belly, nose and breast; बाहू नेत्रद्वयं कुक्षिर्द्वे तु नासे तथैव च । स्तनयोरन्तरं चैव पञ्चदीर्घं प्रचक्षते ॥

-देवताः the five deities:-- आदित्यं गणनाथं च देवीं रुद्रं च केशवम् । पञ्चदैवतमित्युक्तं सर्वकर्मसु पूजयेत् ॥

-धारणक a. upheld by the five elements.

-नखः 1 any animal with five claws; such as the hare, alligator, tortoise, porcupine, rhinoceros शशकः शल्लकी गोधा खड्गी कूर्मश्च पञ्चमः । पञ्च पञ्चनखा भक्ष्या ये प्रोक्ताः कृतजैर्द्विजैः Bk.6.131; Ms.5.17,18; Y.1.177.

-2 an elephant.

-3 a turtle.

-4 a lion or tiger.

-नखी, -नखराज an iguana (Mar. घोरपड); Gīrvāṇa.

-नदः 'the country of five rivers, the modern Panjab (the five rivers being शतद्रु, विपाशा, इरावती, चन्द्रभागा and वितस्ता, or the modern names Sutlej, Beas, Ravee, Chenab and Jhelum).

-दा (pl.) the people of this country.

-नवतिः f. ninety-five.

-निम्बम् the five products of निम्ब viz. (the flowers, fruit, leaves, bark and root).

-नीराजनम् waving five things before an idol and then falling prostrate before it; (the five things being:-- a lamp, lotus, cloth, mango and betel-leaf).

-पञ्चाश a. fiftyfifth.

-पञ्चाशत् f. fifty-five.

-पदी 1 five steps; पुंसो यमान्तं व्रजतो$पिनिष्ठुरै- रेतैर्धनैः पञ्चपदी न दीयते Pt.2.115.

-2 the five strong cases, i. e. the first five inflections

-पर्वन् n. (pl.) the five parvans q. v.; they are चतुर्दश्यष्टमी चैव अमावास्या च पूर्णिमा । पर्वाण्येतानि राजेन्द्र रविसंक्रान्तिरेव च ॥ a. five-knotted (an arrow).

-पल्लवम् The leaves of the mango, fig, banyan, ficus religiosa (Mar. पिंपळ) and Genus Ficus (Mar. पायरी). There are other variations such as पनस, आम्र, पिप्पल, वट and बकुल. The first group is for the Vedic ritual only.

-पात्रम् 1 five vessels taken collectively.

-2 a Srāddha in which offerings are made in five vessels.

-पाद् a. consisting of five feet, steps, or parts; पञ्चपादं पितरम् Praśna Up.1.11. (-m.) a year (संवत्सर).

-पादिका N. of a commentary on शारीरकभाष्य.

-पितृ m. (pl.) the five fathers:-- जनकश्चोपनेता च यश्च कन्यां प्रयच्छति । अन्नदाता भयत्राता पञ्चैते पितरः स्मृताः ॥

-पित्तम् the bile of five ani- mals viz. (the boar, goat, buffalo, fish and peacock).

-प्रस्थ a. having five elevations (a forest).

-प्राणाः m. (pl.) the five life-winds or vital airs: प्राण, अपान, व्यान, उदान, and समान.

-प्रासादः a temple of a particular size with four pinnacles and a steeple.

-बन्ध a fine equal to the fifth part of anything lost or stolen.

-बलाः five medicinal herbs, namely बला, नागबला, महाबला, अति- बला and राजबला.

-बाणः, -वाणः, -शरः epithets of the god of love; see पञ्चेषु.

-बाहुः N. of Śiva.

-बिन्दुप्रसृतम् N. of a particular movement in dancing; Dk.2.

-बीजानि the five seeds:--कर्कटी, त्रपुस, दाडिम, पद्मबीज, and वानरीबीज.

-भद्र a.

1 having five good qualities.

-2 consisting of five good ingredients (as a sauce &c.).

-3 having five auspicious marks (as a horse) in the chest, back, face and flanks.

-4 vicious.

-द्रः a kind of pavilion.

-भागिन् m. the five deities of पञ्चमहा- यज्ञ; धर्मकामविहीनस्य चुक्रुधुः पञ्चभागिनः Bhāg.11.23.9.

-भुज a. pentagonal.

(-जः) 1 a pentagon; cf. पञ्चकोण.

-2 N. of Gaṇeśa.

-भूतम् the five elements; पृथ्वी, अप्, तेजस्, वायु and आकाश.

-भृङ्गाः the five trees, viz. देवदाली (Mar. देवडंगरी), शमी, भङ्गा (Mar. भांग), निर्गुण्डी and तमालपत्र.

-मकारम् the five essentials of the left-hand Tantra ritual of which the first letter is म; see पञ्चतत्त्व (2).

-महापातकम् the five great sins; see महापातक Ms.11. 54.

-महायज्ञाः m. (pl.) the five daily sacrifices enjoined to be performed by a Brāhmaṇa; अध्यापनं ब्रह्मयज्ञः पितृ- यज्ञस्तु तर्पणम् । होमो दैवो बलिर्भौतो नृयज्ञो$तिथिपूजनम् ॥ Ms.3.7. अहुतं च हुतं चैव तथा प्रहुतमेव च । ब्राह्मं हुतं प्राशितं च पञ्च यज्ञान् प्रचक्षते ॥ Ms.3.73; see महायज्ञ.

-मारः son of Baladeva; L. D. B.

-माश(षि)क a. consisting of five Māṣas (as a fine &c.).

-माष(षि)क a. amounting to five māṣas; गर्दभाजाविकानां तु दण्डः स्यात्पञ्चमाषिकः Ms.8.298.

-मास्य a. happening every five months.

-मुखः an arrow with five points; (for other senses see पञ्चानन.)

-मुद्रा five gestures to be made in presenting offerings to an idol; viz आवाहनी, स्थापनी, संनिधापनी, संबोधनी and संमुखीकरणी; see मुद्रा.

-मूत्रम् the urine of five female animals; the cow, goat, she-buffalo, sheep, and she-ass.).

-मूलम् there are nine varieties of the pentad combinations of roots; लघुपञ्चमूल, बृहत्पञ्चमूल, शतावर्यादि, तृणपञ्चमूल, जीवकादिपञ्चमूल, पुनर्नवादिपञ्चमूल, गोक्षुरादि˚, वल्ली˚.

-रत्नम् a collection of five gems; (they are variously enumerated: (1) नीलकं वज्रकं चेति पद्मरागश्च मौक्तिकम् । प्रवालं चेति विज्ञेयं पंचरत्नं मनीषिभिः ॥ (2) सुवर्णं रजतं मुक्ता राजावर्तं प्रवालकम् । रत्नपञ्चकमाख्यातम्...॥ (3) कनकं हीरकं नीलं पद्मरागश्च मौक्तिकम् । पञ्चरत्नमिदं प्रोक्त- मृषिभिः पूर्वदर्शिभिः ॥

-2 the five most admired episodes of the Mahābhārata; गीता, विष्णुसहस्रनाम, भीष्मस्तवराज, अनुस्मृति and गजेन्द्रमोक्ष).

-रसा the आमलकी tree (Mar. आंवळी).

-रात्रम् 1 a period of five nights; इत्यर्थं वयमानीताः पञ्चरात्रो$पि विद्यते Pañch.3.24.

-2 N. of one of Bhāsa's dramas.

-3 N. of a philosophical treatise attributed to Nārada.

-4 N. of an अहीन (sacrifice) lasting for 5 days; स एतं पञ्चरात्रं पुरुषमेधं यज्ञक्रतुमपश्यत् Śat. Br.; cf. Mb.12.218. 11.

-राशिकम् the rule of five (in math.).

-लक्षणम् a Purāṇa; so called because it deals with five important topics:-- सर्गश्च प्रतिसर्गश्च वंशो मन्वन्तराणि च । वंशानुचरितं चैव पुराणं पञ्चलक्षणम् ॥ see पुराण also.

-लवणम् five kinds of salt; i. e. काचक, सैन्धव, सामुद्र, बिड and सौवर्चल.

-लाङ्गलकम् a gift (महादान) of as much land as can be cultivated with five ploughs.

-लोकपालः the five guardian deities viz. Vināyaka, Durgā, Vāyu, Ākāśa and Aśvinīkumāra.

-लोहम् a metallic alloy containing five metals (i. e. copper, brass, tin, lead and iron).

-लोहकम् the five metals i. e. gold, silver, copper, tin and lead.

-वटः the sacred or sacrificial thread worn across the breast (यज्ञोपवीत).

-वटी 1 the five fig-trees: i. e. अश्वत्थ, बिल्व, वट, धात्री and अशोक.

-2 N. of a part of the Daṇḍakā forest where the Godāvarī rises and where Rāma dwelt for a considerable time with his beloved; it is two miles from Nasik; परिहरन्तमपि मामितः पञ्चवटीस्नेहो बलादाकर्षतीव U.2.27/28; R.13.34.

-वर्गः 1 an aggregate of five.

-2 the five essential elements of the body.

-3 the five organs of sense; संतुष्टपञ्चवर्गो$हं लोकयात्रां प्रवाहये Rām.2.19.27.

-4 the five daily sacrifices enjoined to be performed by a Brāhmaṇa; cf. महायज्ञ.

-5 the five classes of spies (कापटिक, उदास्थित, गृहपतिव्यञ्जन, वैदेहिकव्यञ्जन and तापसव्यञ्जन); cf. Kull. on Ms.7.154.

-वर्षदेशीय a. about five years old.

-वर्षीय a. five years old.

-वल्कलम् a collection of the barks of five kinds of trees; namely न्यग्रोध, उदुम्बर, अश्वत्थ, प्लक्ष and वेतस.

-वल्लभा N. of Draupadī.

-वार्षिक a. recurring every five years.

-वाहिन् a. drawn by five (as a carriage).

-विंश a. twenty-fifth.

-शः 1 a Stoma consisting of 25 parts.

-2 N. of Viṣṇu (regarded as the 25th तत्त्व); स तु जन- परितापं तत्कृतं जानता ते नरहर उपनीतः पञ्चतां पञ्चविंश Bhāg. 7.8.53.

-विंशतिः f. twenty-five.

-विंशतिका a collection of twenty-five; as in वेतालपञ्चविंशतिका.

-विध a. five- fold, of five kinds. ˚प्रकृतिः f. the five departments of a government; अमात्यराष्ट्रदुर्गार्थदण्डाख्याः पञ्च चापराः Ms.7.157.

-वीरगोष्ठम् an assembly room, concert-hall; रागमञ्जरी नाम पञ्चवीरगोष्ठे संगीतकमनुष्ठास्यति Dk.2.

-वृत्, -वृतम् ind. five-fold.

-वृत्तिता depending on senses; Rām.2.1.65.

-शत a. amounting to five hundred.

(-तम्) 1 one hundred and five.

-2 five hundred.

-शाखः 1 the hand; स्वशिरः पश्चशाखाभ्यामभिहत्यायतेक्षणा Mb.11.17.3; कदापि नो मुञ्चति पञ्चशाखः (नारायणस्य) Rām. Ch.1.9; स्फूर्जद्रत्नाङ्गुलीयद्युतिशबलनखद्योतिभिः पञ्चशाखैः Śiva B.3.49.

-2 an elephant.

-शारदीयः N. of a Yāga.

-शिखः a lion.

-शीलम् the five rules of conduct; Buddh.

-शुक्लम् The holy combination of five days, viz. Uttarāyaṇa (day of the gods), the bright half of the month (day of the manes) and day time, हरिवासर and सिद्धक्षेत्र (cf. त्रिशुक्लम्).

-ष a. (pl.) five or six; सन्त्यन्ये$पि बृहस्पतिप्रभृतयः संभाविताः पञ्चषाः Bh.2.34.

-षष्ट a. sixty-fifth.

-षष्टिः f. sixty-five.

-सटः one with five tufts of hair on the head (सटाः जटाः केशसन्निवेशे मध्ये मध्ये पञ्चसु स्थानेषु क्षौरवद्वापनम्); दासो$यं मुच्यतां राज्ञस्त्वया पञ्चसटः कृतः Mb.3.272.18; (Mar. पांच पाट काढणें).

-सप्तत a. seventy-fifth.

-सप्ततिः f. seventy-five.

-सस्यम् the five grains viz. धान्य, मुद्ग, तिल, यव and माष.

-सिद्धान्ती f. the five astronomical doctrines from astronomical book like सूर्यसिद्धान्त etc.

-सिद्धौषधयः the five medi- cinal plants:-- तैलकन्द, सुधाकन्द, क्रोडकन्द, रुदन्तिक, सर्पाक्षी.

-सुगन्धकम् the five kinds of aromatic vegetable sub- stances; they are:-- कर्पूरकक्कोललवङ्गपुष्पगुवाकजातीफलपञ्चकेन । समांशभागेन च योजितेन मनोहरं पञ्चसुगन्धकं स्यात् ॥.

-सूनाः f. the five things in a house by which animal life may be accidentally destroyed; they are:-- पञ्चसूना गृहस्थस्य चुल्ली पेषण्युपस्करः कण्डनी चोदकुम्भश्च Ms.3.68.

-सूरणाः the five medicinal esculent roots; sweet and bitter सूरण, अत्यम्ल- पर्णी, काण्डीर, मालाकन्द. &c.

-स्रोतम् n. the mind; पञ्चस्रोतसि निष्णातः Mb.12.218.11. (com. पञ्चस्त्रोतांसि विषयकेदारप्रणालिका यस्य तस्मिन् मनसि).

-हायन a. five years old.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > पञ्चन् _pañcan
18 Cotton, William

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

[br]

b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, England

d. after 1878

[br]

English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.

[br]

Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.

[br]

Bibliography

1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).

Further Reading

F.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).

A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Cotton, William
19 П-445

(ЭТО) НИ НА ЧТО НЕ ПОХОЖЕ! coll usu. indep. sent fixed WO
(used to express indignation, anger, or a sharply negative attitude toward some action or occurrence) this is very bad, no good at all

this is (absolutely) unheard of!
I've never seen (heard (of)) anything like it! that's (it's) beyond anything (everything)! it*s unthinkable! this is outrageous this is (just) too much.
«Ну, сколько тут, говори скорей!» - «Да вот мяснику восемьдесят шесть рублей пятьдесят четыре копейки»... -«Ну, ещё кому?» - говорил Илья Ильич... «Еще сто двадцать один рубль восемнадцать копеек хлебнику да зеленщику». -«Это разорение! Это ни на что не похоже!» - говорил Обломов, выходя из себя (Гончаров 1). "Well, what does it come to? Be quick, tell me!" "Well-for the butcher, eighty-six rubles, fifty-four kopecks."..."Well, who else do we owe?" asked Ilya Ilych..."A hundred and twenty-one rubles, eighteen kopecks to the baker and the greengrocer." "That's devastating! Absolutely unheard of!" exclaimed Oblomov, beside himself (1b).

«...Это ни на что не похоже хоть бы ты побранил свою жену. Что это? Как сумасшедшая без тебя. Ничего не видит, не помнит...»(Толстой 7)."...1 never saw anything like it, you really must give your wife a good scolding! She is like one possessed without you. No eyes for anything, forgets everything" (7a).

...(Я) подкрался к окну... Говорили обо мне... «Господа!., это ни на что не похоже
Печорина надо проучить!» (Лермонтов 1)... (I) crept up to the window...They were talking about me.... "Gentlemen...I've never heard anything like it We must teach Pechorin a lesson!" (Id)
«Право, как вообразишь, до чего иногда доходит мода... ни на что не похоже!» (Гоголь 3). "Really, when one imagines to what lengths fashion will go at times...it's beyond anything!" (3b).

...Это ни на что не похоже! Половина людей разбежалась» (Толстой 6). "...This is outrageous! Half of the men have bolted!" (6a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-445
20 ни на что не похоже!

• (ЭТО) НИ НА ЧТО НЕ ПОХОЖЕ! coll

[usu indep. sent; fixed WO]

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⇒ (used to express indignation, anger, or a sharply negative attitude toward some action or occurrence) this is very bad, no good at all:

- this is (absolutely) unheard of!;

- I've never seen < heard (of)> anything like it!;

- that's (it is) beyond anything (everything)!;

- it's unthinkable!;

- this is outrageous;

- this is (just) too much.

     ♦ "Ну, сколько тут, говори скорей!" - "Да вот мяснику восемьдесят шесть рублей пятьдесят четыре копейки"... - "Ну, ещё кому?" - говорил Илья Ильич... "Еще сто двадцать один рубль восемнадцать копеек хлебнику да зеленщику". - "Это разорение! Это ни на что не похоже!" - говорил Обломов, выходя из себя (Гончаров 1). "Well, what does it come to? Be quick, tell me!" "Well - for the butcher, eighty-six rubles, fifty-four kopecks."..."Well, who else do we owe?" asked Ilya Ilych..."A hundred and twenty-one rubles, eighteen kopecks to the baker and the greengrocer." "That's devastating! Absolutely unheard of!" exclaimed Oblomov, beside himself (1b).

     ♦ "...Это ни на что не похоже; хоть бы ты побранил свою жену. Что это? Как сумасшедшая без тебя. Ничего не видит, не помнит..."(Толстой 7)... I never saw anything like it; you really must give your wife a good scolding! She is like one possessed without you. No eyes for anything, forgets everything" (7a).

     ♦...[ Я] подкрался к окну... Говорили обо мне... " Господа!., это ни на что не похоже; Печорина надо проучить! "(Лермонтов 1).... crept up to the window...They were talking about me.... "Gentlemen...I've never heard anything like it We must teach Pechorin a lesson!" (Id)

     ♦ "Право, как вообразишь, до чего иногда доходит мода... ни на что не похоже!" (Гоголь 3). "Really, when one imagines to what lengths fashion will go at times...it's beyond anything!" (3b).

     ♦ "...Это ни на что не похоже! Половина людей разбежалась" (Толстой 6). "...This is outrageous! Half of the men have bolted!" (6a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ни на что не похоже!

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six hundred times as much

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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six hundred times as much

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